![\"Joomla!](\"images/stories/powered_by.png\" "\\"Example")
Joomla! provides an easy-to-use graphical user interface that simplifies the management and publishing of large volumes of content including HTML, documents, and rich media. Joomla! is used by organisations of all sizes for intranets and extranets and is supported by a community of tens of thousands of users.
Joomla! now provides more developer power while making the user experience all the more friendly. For those who always wanted increased extensibility, Joomla! 1.5 can make this happen.
A new framework, ground-up refactoring, and a highly-active development team brings the excitement of \'the next generation CMS\' to your fingertips. Whether you are a systems architect or a complete \'noob\' Joomla! can take you to the next level of content delivery. \'More than a CMS\' is something we have been playing with as a catchcry because the new Joomla! API has such incredible power and flexibility, you are free to take whatever direction your creative mind takes you and Joomla! can help you get there so much more easily than ever before.
Thinking Web publishing? Think Joomla!
',-2,1,0,1,'2008-08-12 10:00:00',62,'','2008-08-12 10:00:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2006-01-03 01:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',29,0,0,'','',0,92,'robots=\nauthor='),(2,'Newsflash 1','newsflash-1','','Joomla! makes it easy to launch a Web site of any kind. Whether you want a brochure site or you are building a large online community, Joomla! allows you to deploy a new site in minutes and add extra functionality as you need it. The hundreds of available Extensions will help to expand your site and allow you to deliver new services that extend your reach into the Internet.
','',-2,1,0,3,'2008-08-10 06:30:34',62,'','2008-08-10 06:30:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2004-08-09 10:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,0,'','',0,1,'robots=\nauthor='),(3,'Newsflash 2','newsflash-2','','The one thing about a Web site, it always changes! Joomla! makes it easy to add Articles, content, images, videos, and more. Site administrators can edit and manage content \'in-context\' by clicking the \'Edit\' link. Webmasters can also edit content through a graphical Control Panel that gives you complete control over your site.
','',-2,1,0,3,'2008-08-09 22:30:34',62,'','2008-08-09 22:30:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2004-08-09 06:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,0,'','',0,0,'robots=\nauthor='),(4,'Newsflash 3','newsflash-3','','With a library of thousands of free Extensions, you can add what you need as your site grows. Don\'t wait, look through the Joomla! Extensions library today.
','',-2,1,0,3,'2008-08-10 06:30:34',62,'','2008-08-10 06:30:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2004-08-09 10:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,0,'','',0,1,'robots=\nauthor='),(5,'Joomla! License Guidelines','joomla-license-guidelines','joomla-license-guidelines','This Web site is powered by Joomla! The software and default templates on which it runs are Copyright 2005-2008 Open Source Matters. The sample content distributed with Joomla! is licensed under the Joomla! Electronic Documentation License. All data entered into this Web site and templates added after installation, are copyrighted by their respective copyright owners.
If you want to distribute, copy, or modify Joomla!, you are welcome to do so under the terms of the GNU General Public License. If you are unfamiliar with this license, you might want to read \'How To Apply These Terms To Your Program\' and the \'GNU General Public License FAQ\'.
The Joomla! licence has always been GPL.
','',-2,4,0,25,'2008-08-20 10:11:07',62,'','2008-08-20 10:11:07',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2004-08-19 06:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,0,'','',0,105,'robots=\nauthor='),(6,'We are Volunteers','we-are-volunteers','','The Joomla Core Team and Working Group members are volunteer developers, designers, administrators and managers who have worked together to take Joomla! to new heights in its relatively short life. Joomla! has some wonderfully talented people taking Open Source concepts to the forefront of industry standards. Joomla! 1.5 is a major leap forward and represents the most exciting Joomla! release in the history of the project.
','',-2,1,0,1,'2007-07-07 09:54:06',62,'','2007-07-07 09:54:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2004-07-06 22:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',10,0,0,'','',0,54,'robots=\nauthor='),(9,'Millions of Smiles','millions-of-smiles','','The Joomla! team has millions of good reasons to be smiling about the Joomla! 1.5. In its current incarnation, it\'s had millions of downloads, taking it to an unprecedented level of popularity. The new code base is almost an entire re-factor of the old code base. The user experience is still extremely slick but for developers the API is a dream. A proper framework for real PHP architects seeking the best of the best.
If you\'re a former Mambo User or a 1.0 series Joomla! User, 1.5 is the future of CMSs for a number of reasons. It\'s more powerful, more flexible, more secure, and intuitive. Our developers and interface designers have worked countless hours to make this the most exciting release in the content management system sphere.
Go on ... get your FREE copy of Joomla! today and spread the word about this benchmark project.
','',-2,1,0,1,'2007-07-07 09:54:06',62,'','2007-07-07 09:54:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2004-07-06 22:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,0,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(10,'How do I localise Joomla! to my language?','how-do-i-localise-joomla-to-my-language','','In Joomla! 1.5 all User interfaces can be localised. This includes the installation, the Back-end Control Panel and the Front-end Site.
The core release of Joomla! 1.5 is shipped with multiple language choices in the installation but, other than English (the default), languages for the Site and Administration interfaces need to be added after installation. Links to such language packs exist below.
','Translation Teams for Joomla! 1.5 may have also released fully localised installation packages where site, administrator and sample data are in the local language. These localised releases can be found in the specific team projects on the Joomla! Extensions Directory.
Please note that Joomla! 1.5 is new and language packs for this version may have not been released at this time.
Joomla! 1.5 does not provide an upgrade path from earlier versions. Converting an older site to a Joomla! 1.5 site requires creation of a new empty site using Joomla! 1.5 and then populating the new site with the content from the old site. This migration of content is not a one-to-one process and involves conversions and modifications to the content dump.
There are two ways to perform the migration:
','This is a two phased process using two tools. The first tool is a migration Component named com_migrator. This Component has been contributed by Harald Baer and is based on his eBackup Component. The migrator needs to be installed on the old site and when activated it prepares the required export dump of the old site\'s data. The second tool is built into the Joomla! 1.5 installation process. The exported content dump is loaded to the new site and all conversions and modification are performed on-the-fly.
Note: This function requires the use of the iconv function in PHP to convert encodings. If iconv is not found a warning will be provided.
Well... how about never needing to mess with encoding settings again?
Ever needed to display several languages on one page or site and something always came up in Giberish?
With utf-8 (a variant of Unicode) glyphs (character forms) of basically all languages can be displayed with one single encoding setting.
','',-2,3,0,31,'2008-08-05 01:11:29',62,'','2008-08-05 01:11:29',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2006-10-03 10:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',8,0,0,'','',0,29,'robots=\nauthor='),(13,'What happened to the locale setting?','what-happened-to-the-locale-setting','','This is now defined in the Language [lang].xml file in the Language metadata settings. If you are having locale problems such as dates do not appear in your language for example, you might want to check/edit the entries in the locale tag. Note that multiple locale strings can be set and the host will usually accept the first one recognised.','',-2,3,0,28,'2008-08-06 16:47:35',62,'','2008-08-06 16:47:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2006-10-05 14:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,0,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(14,'What is the FTP layer for?','what-is-the-ftp-layer-for','','The FTP Layer allows file operations (such as installing Extensions or updating the main configuration file) without having to make all the folders and files writable. This has been an issue on Linux and other Unix based platforms in respect of file permissions. This makes the site admin\'s life a lot easier and increases security of the site.
You can check the write status of relevent folders by going to \'\'Help->System Info\" and then in the sub-menu to \"Directory Permissions\". With the FTP Layer enabled even if all directories are red, Joomla! will operate smoothly.
NOTE: the FTP layer is not required on a Windows host/server.
','',-2,3,0,31,'2008-08-06 21:27:49',62,'','2008-08-06 21:27:49',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2006-10-05 16:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=',6,0,0,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(15,'Can Joomla! 1.5 operate with PHP Safe Mode On?','can-joomla-15-operate-with-php-safe-mode-on','','Yes it can! This is a significant security improvement.
The safe mode limits PHP to be able to perform actions only on files/folders who\'s owner is the same as PHP is currently using (this is usually \'apache\'). As files normally are created either by the Joomla! application or by FTP access, the combination of PHP file actions and the FTP Layer allows Joomla! to operate in PHP Safe Mode.
','',-2,3,0,31,'2008-08-06 19:28:35',62,'','2008-08-06 19:28:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2006-10-05 14:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,0,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(16,'Only one edit window! How do I create \"Read more...\"?','only-one-edit-window-how-do-i-create-read-more','','This is now implemented by inserting a Read more... tag (the button is located below the editor area) a dotted line appears in the edited text showing the split location for the Read more.... A new Plugin takes care of the rest.
It is worth mentioning that this does not have a negative effect on migrated data from older sites. The new implementation is fully backward compatible.
','',-2,3,0,28,'2008-08-06 19:29:28',62,'','2008-08-06 19:29:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2006-10-05 14:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,0,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(17,'My MySQL database does not support UTF-8. Do I have a problem?','my-mysql-database-does-not-support-utf-8-do-i-have-a-problem','','No you don\'t. Versions of MySQL lower than 4.1 do not have built in UTF-8 support. However, Joomla! 1.5 has made provisions for backward compatibility and is able to use UTF-8 on older databases. Let the installer take care of all the settings and there is no need to make any changes to the database (charset, collation, or any other).','',-2,3,0,31,'2008-08-07 09:30:37',62,'','2008-08-07 09:30:37',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2006-10-05 20:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',10,0,0,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(18,'Joomla! Features','joomla-features','','If you\'re new to Web publishing systems, you\'ll find that Joomla! delivers sophisticated solutions to your online needs. It can deliver a robust enterprise-level Web site, empowered by endless extensibility for your bespoke publishing needs. Moreover, it is often the system of choice for small business or home users who want a professional looking site that\'s simple to deploy and use. We do content right.
So what\'s the catch? How much does this system cost?
Well, there\'s good news ... and more good news! Joomla! 1.5 is free, it is released under an Open Source license - the GNU/General Public License v 2.0. Had you invested in a mainstream, commercial alternative, there\'d be nothing but moths left in your wallet and to add new functionality would probably mean taking out a second mortgage each time you wanted something adding!
Joomla! changes all that ...
Joomla! is different from the normal models for content management software. For a start, it\'s not complicated. Joomla! has been developed for everybody, and anybody can develop it further. It is designed to work (primarily) with other Open Source, free, software such as PHP, MySQL, and Apache.
It is easy to install and administer, and is reliable.
Joomla! doesn\'t even require the user or administrator of the system to know HTML to operate it once it\'s up and running.
To get the perfect Web site with all the functionality that you require for your particular application may take additional time and effort, but with the Joomla! Community support that is available and the many Third Party Developers actively creating and releasing new Extensions for the 1.5 platform on an almost daily basis, there is likely to be something out there to meet your needs. Or you could develop your own Extensions and make these available to the rest of the community.
','',-2,4,0,29,'2008-08-09 07:49:20',62,'','2008-08-09 07:49:20',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2006-10-07 10:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',13,0,0,'','',0,154,'robots=\nauthor='),(20,'Support and Documentation','support-and-documentation','','Support for the Joomla! CMS can be found on several places. The best place to start would be the Joomla! Official Documentation Wiki. Here you can help yourself to the information that is regularly published and updated as Joomla! develops. There is much more to come too!
Of course you should not forget the Help System of the CMS itself. On the topmenu in the Back-end Control panel you find the Help button which will provide you with lots of explanation on features.
Another great place would of course be the Forum . On the Joomla! Forum you can find help and support from Community members as well as from Joomla! Core members and Working Group members. The forum contains a lot of information, FAQ\'s, just about anything you are looking for in terms of support.
Two other resources for Support are the Joomla! Developer Site and the Joomla! Extensions Directory (JED). The Joomla! Developer Site provides lots of technical information for the experienced Developer as well as those new to Joomla! and development work in general. The JED whilst not a support site in the strictest sense has many of the Extensions that you will need as you develop your own Web site.
The Joomla! Developers and Bug Squad members are regularly posting their blog reports about several topics such as programming techniques and security issues.
Joomla! Documentation can of course be found on the Joomla! Official Documentation Wiki. You can find information for beginners, installation, upgrade, Frequently Asked Questions, developer topics, and a lot more. The Documentation Team helps oversee the wiki but you are invited to contribute content, as well.
There are also books written about Joomla! You can find a listing of these books in the Joomla! Shop.
','',-2,4,0,25,'2008-08-09 08:33:57',62,'','2008-08-09 08:33:57',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2006-10-07 10:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',13,0,0,'','',0,6,'robots=\nauthor='),(21,'Joomla! Facts','joomla-facts','','Here are some interesting facts about Joomla!
As with previous releases, Joomla! provides a unified and easy-to-use framework for delivering content for Web sites of all kinds. To support the changing nature of the Internet and emerging Web technologies, Joomla! required substantial restructuring of its core functionality and we also used this effort to simplify many challenges within the current user interface. Joomla! 1.5 has many new features.
','In Joomla! 1.5, you\'ll notice:
Substantially improved usability, manageability, and scalability far beyond the original Mambo foundations
Expanded accessibility to support internationalisation, double-byte characters and right-to-left support for Arabic, Farsi, and Hebrew languages among others
Extended integration of external applications through Web services and remote authentication such as the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)
Enhanced content delivery, template and presentation capabilities to support accessibility standards and content delivery to any destination
A more sustainable and flexible framework for Component and Extension developers
Backward compatibility with previous releases of Components, Templates, Modules, and other Extensions
Joomla! runs on any platform including Windows, most flavours of Linux, several Unix versions, and the Apple OS/X platform. Joomla! depends on PHP and the MySQL database to deliver dynamic content.
The minimum requirements are:
Joomla! provides plenty of flexibility when displaying your Web content. Whether you are using Joomla! for a blog site, news or a Web site for a company, you\'ll find one or more content styles to showcase your information. You can also change the style of content dynamically depending on your preferences. Joomla! calls how a page is laid out a layout. Use the guide below to understand which layouts are available and how you might use them.
Joomla! makes it extremely easy to add and display content. All content is placed where your mainbody tag in your template is located. There are three main types of layouts available in Joomla! and all of them can be customised via parameters. The display and parameters are set in the Menu Item used to display the content your working on. You create these layouts by creating a Menu Item and choosing how you want the content to display.
Blog layout will show a listing of all Articles of the selected blog type (Section or Category) in the mainbody position of your template. It will give you the standard title, and Intro of each Article in that particular Category and/or Section. You can customise this layout via the use of the Preferences and Parameters, (See Article Parameters) this is done from the Menu not the Section Manager!
A Blog Archive layout will give you a similar output of Articles as the normal Blog Display but will add, at the top, two drop down lists for month and year plus a search button to allow Users to search for all Archived Articles from a specific month and year.
Table layout will simply give you a tabular list of all the titles in that particular Section or Category. No Intro text will be displayed just the titles. You can set how many titles will be displayed in this table by Parameters. The table layout will also provide a filter Section so that Users can reorder, filter, and set how many titles are listed on a single page (up to 50)
Wrappers allow you to place stand alone applications and Third Party Web sites inside your Joomla! site. The content within a Wrapper appears within the primary content area defined by the \"mainbody\" tag and allows you to display their content as a part of your own site. A Wrapper will place an IFRAME into the content Section of your Web site and wrap your standard template navigation around it so it appears in the same way an Article would.
The parameters for each layout type can be found on the right hand side of the editor boxes in the Menu Item configuration screen. The parameters available depend largely on what kind of layout you are configuring.
','',-2,4,0,29,'2008-08-12 22:33:10',62,'','2008-08-12 22:33:10',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2006-10-11 06:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',11,0,0,'','',0,71,'robots=\nauthor='),(25,'What are the requirements to run Joomla! 1.5?','what-are-the-requirements-to-run-joomla-15','','Joomla! runs on the PHP pre-processor. PHP comes in many flavours, for a lot of operating systems. Beside PHP you will need a Web server. Joomla! is optimized for the Apache Web server, but it can run on different Web servers like Microsoft IIS it just requires additional configuration of PHP and MySQL. Joomla! also depends on a database, for this currently you can only use MySQL.
Many people know from their own experience that it\'s not easy to install an Apache Web server and it gets harder if you want to add MySQL, PHP and Perl. XAMPP, WAMP, and MAMP are easy to install distributions containing Apache, MySQL, PHP and Perl for the Windows, Mac OSX and Linux operating systems. These packages are for localhost installations on non-public servers only.Out of the box, Joomla! does a great job of managing the content needed to make your Web site sing. But for many people, the true power of Joomla! lies in the application framework that makes it possible for developers all around the world to create powerful add-ons that are called Extensions. An Extension is used to add capabilities to Joomla! that do not exist in the base core code. Here are just some examples of the hundreds of available Extensions:
You can find more examples over at our ever growing Joomla! Extensions Directory. Prepare to be amazed at the amount of exciting work produced by our active developer community!
A useful guide to the Extension site can be found at:
http://extensions.joomla.org/content/view/15/63/
There are five types of extensions:
You can read more about the specifics of these using the links in the Article Index - a Table of Contents (yet another useful feature of Joomla!) - at the top right or by clicking on the Next link below.
![\"Component](\"images/stories/ext_com.png\" "\\"Component")
ComponentsA Component is the largest and most complex of the Extension types. Components are like mini-applications that render the main body of the page. An analogy that might make the relationship easier to understand would be that Joomla! is a book and all the Components are chapters in the book. The core Article Component (com_content), for example, is the mini-application that handles all core Article rendering just as the core registration Component (com_user) is the mini-application that handles User registration.
Many of Joomla!\'s core features are provided by the use of default Components such as:
A Component will manage data, set displays, provide functions, and in general can perform any operation that does not fall under the general functions of the core code.
Components work hand in hand with Modules and Plugins to provide a rich variety of content display and functionality aside from the standard Article and content display. They make it possible to completely transform Joomla! and greatly expand its capabilities.
![\"Module](\"images/stories/ext_mod.png\" "\\"Module")
ModulesA more lightweight and flexible Extension used for page rendering is a Module. Modules are used for small bits of the page that are generally less complex and able to be seen across different Components. To continue in our book analogy, a Module can be looked at as a footnote or header block, or perhaps an image/caption block that can be rendered on a particular page. Obviously you can have a footnote on any page but not all pages will have them. Footnotes also might appear regardless of which chapter you are reading. Simlarly Modules can be rendered regardless of which Component you have loaded.
Modules are like little mini-applets that can be placed anywhere on your site. They work in conjunction with Components in some cases and in others are complete stand alone snippets of code used to display some data from the database such as Articles (Newsflash) Modules are usually used to output data but they can also be interactive form items to input data for example the Login Module or Polls.
Modules can be assigned to Module positions which are defined in your Template and in the back-end using the Module Manager and editing the Module Position settings. For example, \"left\" and \"right\" are common for a 3 column layout.
Each Module is assigned to a Module position on your site. If you wish it to display in two different locations you must copy the Module and assign the copy to display at the new location. You can also set which Menu Items (and thus pages) a Module will display on, you can select all Menu Items or you can pick and choose by holding down the control key and selecting multiple locations one by one in the Modules [Edit] screen
Note: Your Main Menu is a Module! When you create a new Menu in the Menu Manager you are actually copying the Main Menu Module (mod_mainmenu) code and giving it the name of your new Menu. When you copy a Module you do not copy all of its parameters, you simply allow Joomla! to use the same code with two separate settings.
Newsflash is a Module which will display Articles from your site in an assignable Module position. It can be used and configured to display one Category, all Categories, or to randomly choose Articles to highlight to Users. It will display as much of an Article as you set, and will show a Read more... link to take the User to the full Article.
The Newsflash Component is particularly useful for things like Site News or to show the latest Article added to your Web site.
![\"Plugin](\"images/stories/ext_plugin.png\" "\\"Plugin")
PluginsOne of the more advanced Extensions for Joomla! is the Plugin. In previous versions of Joomla! Plugins were known as Mambots. Aside from changing their name their functionality has been expanded. A Plugin is a section of code that runs when a pre-defined event happens within Joomla!. Editors are Plugins, for example, that execute when the Joomla! event onGetEditorArea occurs. Using a Plugin allows a developer to change the way their code behaves depending upon which Plugins are installed to react to an event.
![\"Language](\"images/stories/ext_lang.png\" "\\"Language")
LanguagesNew to Joomla! 1.5 and perhaps the most basic and critical Extension is a Language. Joomla! is released with multiple Installation Languages but the base Site and Administrator are packaged in just the one Language en-GB - being English with GB spelling for example. To include all the translations currently available would bloat the core package and make it unmanageable for uploading purposes. The Language files enable all the User interfaces both Front-end and Back-end to be presented in the local preferred language. Note these packs do not have any impact on the actual content such as Articles.
More information on languages is available from the
http://community.joomla.org/translations.html
Got a question? With more than 210,000 members, the Joomla! Discussion Forums at forum.joomla.org are a great resource for both new and experienced users. Ask your toughest questions the community is waiting to see what you\'ll do with your Joomla! site.
Do you want to show off your new Joomla! Web site? Visit the Site Showcase section of our forum.
Do you want to contribute?
If you think working with Joomla is fun, wait until you start working on it. We\'re passionate about helping Joomla users become contributors. There are many ways you can help Joomla\'s development:
These are just a few ways you can contribute. See Contribute to Joomla for many more ways.
','',-2,4,0,30,'2008-08-12 16:50:48',62,'','2008-08-12 16:50:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2006-10-11 02:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',12,0,0,'','',0,53,'robots=\nauthor='),(28,'How do I install Joomla! 1.5?','how-do-i-install-joomla-15','','Installing of Joomla! 1.5 is pretty easy. We assume you have set-up your Web site, and it is accessible with your browser.
Download Joomla! 1.5, unzip it and upload/copy the files into the directory you Web site points to, fire up your browser and enter your Web site address and the installation will start.
For full details on the installation processes check out the Installation Manual on the Joomla! Help Site where you will also find download instructions for a PDF version too.
','',-2,3,0,31,'2008-08-11 01:10:59',62,'','2008-08-11 01:10:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2006-10-10 06:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,0,'','',0,5,'robots=\nauthor='),(29,'What is the purpose of the collation selection in the installation screen?','what-is-the-purpose-of-the-collation-selection-in-the-installation-screen','','The collation option determines the way ordering in the database is done. In languages that use special characters, for instance the German umlaut, the database collation determines the sorting order. If you don\'t know which collation you need, select the \"utf8_general_ci\" as most languages use this. The other collations listed are exceptions in regards to the general collation. If your language is not listed in the list of collations it most likely means that \"utf8_general_ci is suitable.','',-2,3,0,32,'2008-08-11 03:11:38',62,'','2008-08-11 03:11:38',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2006-10-10 08:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=',4,0,0,'','',0,6,'robots=\nauthor='),(30,'What languages are supported by Joomla! 1.5?','what-languages-are-supported-by-joomla-15','','Within the Installer you will find a wide collection of languages. The installer currently supports the following languages: Arabic, Bulgarian, Bengali, Czech, Danish, German, Greek, English, Spanish, Finnish, French, Hebrew, Devanagari(India), Croatian(Croatia), Magyar (Hungary), Italian, Malay, Norwegian bokmal, Dutch, Portuguese(Brasil), Portugues(Portugal), Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Svenska, Thai and more are being added all the time.In Joomla! versions prior to 1.5 there were separate processes for creating a Static Content Item and normal Content Items. The processes have been combined now and whilst both content types are still around they are renamed as Articles for Content Items and Uncategorized Articles for Static Content Items.
If you want to create a static item, create a new Article in the same way as for standard content and rather than relating this to a particular Section and Category just select Uncategorized as the option in the Section and Category drop down lists.
','',-2,3,0,28,'2008-08-10 23:13:33',62,'','2008-08-10 23:13:33',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2006-10-10 04:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,0,'','',0,5,'robots=\nauthor='),(33,'What is an Uncategorised Article?','what-is-uncategorised-article','','Most Articles will be assigned to a Section and Category. In many cases, you might not know where you want it to appear so put the Article in the Uncategorized Section/Category. The Articles marked as Uncategorized are handled as static content.','',-2,3,0,31,'2008-08-11 15:14:11',62,'','2008-08-11 15:14:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2006-10-10 12:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',8,0,0,'','',0,6,'robots=\nauthor='),(34,'Does the PDF icon render pictures and special characters?','does-the-pdf-icon-render-pictures-and-special-characters','','Yes! Prior to Joomla! 1.5, only the text values of an Article and only for ISO-8859-1 encoding was allowed in the PDF rendition. With the new PDF library in place, the complete Article including images is rendered and applied to the PDF. The PDF generator also handles the UTF-8 texts and can handle any character sets from any language. The appropriate fonts must be installed but this is done automatically during a language pack installation.','',-2,3,0,32,'2008-08-11 17:14:57',62,'','2008-08-11 17:14:57',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2006-10-10 14:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,0,'','',0,6,'robots=\nauthor='),(35,'Is it possible to change A Menu Item\'s Type?','is-it-possible-to-change-the-types-of-menu-entries','','You indeed can change the Menu Item\'s Type to whatever you want, even after they have been created.
If, for instance, you want to change the Blog Section of a Menu link, go to the Control Panel->Menus Menu->[menuname]->Menu Item Manager and edit the Menu Item. Select the Change Type button and choose the new style of Menu Item Type from the available list. Thereafter, alter the Details and Parameters to reconfigure the display for the new selection as you require it.
','',-2,3,0,31,'2008-08-10 23:15:36',62,'','2008-08-10 23:15:36',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2006-10-10 04:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,0,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(36,'Where did the Installers go?','where-did-the-installer-go','','The improved Installer can be found under the Extensions Menu. With versions prior to Joomla! 1.5 you needed to select a specific Extension type when you wanted to install it and use the Installer associated with it, with Joomla! 1.5 you just select the Extension you want to upload, and click on install. The Installer will do all the hard work for you.','',-2,3,0,28,'2008-08-10 23:16:20',62,'','2008-08-10 23:16:20',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2006-10-10 04:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,0,'','',0,4,'robots=\nauthor='),(37,'Where did the Mambots go?','where-did-the-mambots-go','','Mambots have been renamed as Plugins.
Mambots were introduced in Mambo and offered possibilities to add plug-in logic to your site mainly for the purpose of manipulating content. In Joomla! 1.5, Plugins will now have much broader capabilities than Mambots. Plugins are able to extend functionality at the framework layer as well.
','',-2,3,0,28,'2008-08-11 09:17:00',62,'','2008-08-11 09:17:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2006-10-10 10:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,0,'','',0,4,'robots=\nauthor='),(38,'I installed with my own language, but the Back-end is still in English','i-installed-with-my-own-language-but-the-back-end-is-still-in-english','','A lot of different languages are available for the Back-end, but by default this language may not be installed. If you want a translated Back-end, get your language pack and install it using the Extension Installer. After this, go to the Extensions Menu, select Language Manager and make your language the default one. Your Back-end will be translated immediately.
Users who have access rights to the Back-end may choose the language they prefer in their Personal Details parameters. This is of also true for the Front-end language.
A good place to find where to download your languages and localised versions of Joomla! is Translations for Joomla! on JED.
','',-2,3,0,32,'2008-08-11 17:18:14',62,'','2008-08-11 17:18:14',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2006-10-10 14:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,0,'','',0,7,'robots=\nauthor='),(39,'How do I remove an Article?','how-do-i-remove-an-article','','To completely remove an Article, select the Articles that you want to delete and move them to the Trash. Next, open the Article Trash in the Content Menu and select the Articles you want to delete. After deleting an Article, it is no longer available as it has been deleted from the database and it is not possible to undo this operation.
','',-2,3,0,27,'2008-08-11 09:19:01',62,'','2008-08-11 09:19:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2006-10-10 10:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,0,'','',0,4,'robots=\nauthor='),(40,'What is the difference between Archiving and Trashing an Article?','what-is-the-difference-between-archiving-and-trashing-an-article','','When you Archive an Article, the content is put into a state which removes it from your site as published content. The Article is still available from within the Control Panel and can be retrieved for editing or republishing purposes. Trashed Articles are just one step from being permanently deleted but are still available until you Remove them from the Trash Manager. You should use Archive if you consider an Article important, but not current. Trash should be used when you want to delete the content entirely from your site and from future search results.
','',-2,3,0,27,'2008-08-11 05:19:43',62,'','2008-08-11 05:19:43',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2006-10-10 06:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',8,0,0,'','',0,5,'robots=\nauthor='),(41,'Newsflash 5','newsflash-5','','Joomla! 1.5 - \'Experience the Freedom\'!. It has never been easier to create your own dynamic Web site. Manage all your content from the best CMS admin interface and in virtually any language you speak.','',-2,1,0,3,'2008-08-12 00:17:31',62,'','2008-08-12 00:17:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2006-10-11 06:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,0,'','',0,4,'robots=\nauthor='),(42,'Newsflash 4','newsflash-4','','Yesterday all servers in the U.S. went out on strike in a bid to get more RAM and better CPUs. A spokes person said that the need for better RAM was due to some fool increasing the front-side bus speed. In future, buses will be told to slow down in residential motherboards.','',-2,1,0,3,'2008-08-12 00:25:50',62,'','2008-08-12 00:25:50',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2006-10-11 06:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,0,'','',0,5,'robots=\nauthor='),(43,'Example Pages and Menu Links','example-pages-and-menu-links','','This page is an example of content that is Uncategorized; that is, it does not belong to any Section or Category. You will see there is a new Menu in the left column. It shows links to the same content presented in 4 different page layouts.
Follow the links in the Example Pages Menu to see some of the options available to you to present all the different types of content included within the default installation of Joomla!.
This includes Components and individual Articles. These links or Menu Item Types (to give them their proper name) are all controlled from within the Menu Manager->[menuname]->Menu Items Manager.
','',-2,0,0,0,'2008-08-12 09:26:52',62,'','2008-08-12 09:26:52',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2006-10-11 10:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,0,'Uncategorized, Uncategorized, Example Pages and Menu Links','',0,46,'robots=\nauthor='),(44,'Joomla! Security Strike Team','joomla-security-strike-team','','The Joomla! Project has assembled a top-notch team of experts to form the new Joomla! Security Strike Team. This new team will solely focus on investigating and resolving security issues. Instead of working in relative secrecy, the JSST will have a strong public-facing presence at the Joomla! Security Center.
','The new JSST will call the new Joomla! Security Center their home base. The Security Center provides a public presence for security issues and a platform for the JSST to help the general public better understand security and how it relates to Joomla!. The Security Center also offers users a clearer understanding of how security issues are handled. There\'s also a news feed, which provides subscribers an up-to-the-minute notification of security issues as they arise.
',-2,1,0,1,'2007-07-07 09:54:06',62,'','2007-07-07 09:54:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2004-07-06 22:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',1,0,0,'','',0,0,'robots=\nauthor='),(45,'Joomla! Community Portal','joomla-community-portal','','The Joomla! Community Portal is now online. There, you will find a constant source of information about the activities of contributors powering the Joomla! Project. Learn about Joomla! Events worldwide, and see if there is a Joomla! User Group nearby.
The Joomla! Community Magazine promises an interesting overview of feature articles, community accomplishments, learning topics, and project updates each month. Also, check out JoomlaConnect™. This aggregated RSS feed brings together Joomla! news from all over the world in your language. Get the latest and greatest by clicking here.
','',-2,1,0,1,'2007-07-07 09:54:06',62,'','2007-07-07 09:54:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2004-07-06 22:00:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',2,0,0,'','',0,5,'robots=\nauthor='),(46,'Welcome from Ambassador','welcome-from-ambassador','','![](\"images/stories/namik-aliev.jpg\")
Чрезвычайный и Полномочный Посол Азербайджанской Республики
Проф. Др. Намик Гасан оглу Алиев
Родился 19 мая 1956 года в городе Баку
\r\nОбразование
\r\n1973-1978 - Азербайджанский Государственный Университет, юридический факультет
\r\n1984 - Кандидат юридических наук (Москва)
\r\n1989 - Доцент (Москва)
\r\n1992 - Доктор философии (Москва)
\r\n2004 - Доктор юридических наук (Тбилиси, Баку)
\r\nТрудовая деятельность
\r\n1978-1979 - Прокуратура Азербайджанской Республики, следователь,
\r\n1979-1992 - Бакинская высшая партийная школа / Бакинский институт социального управления и политологии, научный сотрудник, преподаватель, старший преподаватель, доцент, декан, заведующий кафедрой
\r\n1992-1993 - Верховный Совет (Парламент), руководитель Отдела правоохранительных органов и обороны;
\r\n1993-1997 - Милли Меджлис (Парламент), руководитель Отдела Конституционного законодательства;
\r\n1997-2000 - Милли Меджлис (Парламент), руководитель Отдела законодательства по государственному строительству,
\r\n2000-2002 - Бакинский Государственный Университет, декан юридического факультета
\r\n2002-2004 - Министерство Юстиции Азербайджанской Республики, руководитель Центра по работе с муниципалитетами
\r\n2004-2006 - Милли Меджлис (Парламент), руководитель Отдела международных отношений
\r\n2006 - Милли Меджлис (Парламент), руководитель Отдела постоянных комиссий
\r\nс 2006 - Чрезвычайный и Полномочный посол Азербайджанской Республики в Грузии
\r\nОбщественная деятельность и звания
\r\nс 1998 - Президент Союза филателистов Азербайджана
\r\nс 2004- Государственный советник второго класса (Азербайджанская Республика)
\r\nс 2006 - Чрезвычайный и Полномочный Посол (Азербайджанская Республика)
\r\nс 2003 - действительный член МеждународнойАкадемии Экологии и природопользования им. академика В.Алтунина (Москва, Россия)
\r\nс 2004 - действительный член Международной Академии Наук Международного совета по развитию науки (Инсбрук, Австрия)
\r\nс 2006 - действительный член Национальной Академии Грузии (Тбилиси, Грузия)
\r\nс 2006 - действительный член Международной Академии социально -экономических наук (Тбилиси, Грузия)
\r\nс 2006 года - действительный член Академии политических наук (Тбилиси, Грузия)
\r\nс 2008 года - действительный член Нью-Йоркской Академии Наук (США)
\r\n\r\n
Иностранные языки - русский, немецкий, английский
\r\nЖенат, имеет двух детей.
\r\n','',1,0,0,0,'2010-03-14 21:53:58',62,'','2010-03-14 22:23:53',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-14 21:53:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,6,'','',0,44,'robots=\nauthor='),(47,'General Information','general-information','','
![](\"images/stories/map.jpg\")
Location: The Republic of Azerbaijan lies in the borderlands of Asia and Europe. It is situated in the south-eastern part of the Southern Caucasus and shares borders in the north with the Russian Federation, in the south with the Islamic Republic of Iran, in the west with Turkey, Georgia and Armenia, and in the east its neighbors across the Caspian Sea are Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan.
\r\n
Country name: The Republic of Azerbaijan.
\r\nCapital: Bakı (in USSR Baku) with a population of 1,807,300 (according to 2005 census).
\r\nState Language: Azerbaijani.
\r\nState Religion: Religion is separated from the State and all religions are equal before the law.
\r\nPopulation: The population is 8 347 000 people (January, 2005).
\r\nMonetary Unit: Manat, (1 US $ = 4900 manat as at January, 2005)
\r\n\r\n![](\"images/stories/president.jpg\")
President of the Republic of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev\r\n
Ilham Heydar ogli Aliyev was born in December 24, 1961 in the city of Baku.
From 1967 till 1977 he studied in elementary and secondary schools in the city of Baku.
After graduating from secondary school in 1977, he entered Moscow State University of International Relations (MSUIR).
Upon graduation in 1982, he entered a post-graduate course at MSUIR.
After graduating from the University in 1985, he received a Master\'s degree in History and International Relations.
From 1985 till 1990 he was a teacher at MSUIR.
From 1991 to 1994 he was engaged in private commercial activity in Moscow and Istanbul.
In May 1994 he became first vice-president of State Oil Company of the Azerbaijan Republic (SOCAR).
From 1995 until the present time he has been a member of the parliament of the Republic of Azerbaijan.
In December 1999 he was elected to the post of Deputy Chairman, then in 2001 - First Deputy Chairman, of the \"Yeni Azerbaijan\" party. (governing political party of the Republic).
From 1997 he has been president of National Olympic Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan, a post that he continues to hold.
In January 2003 he was elected vice-president of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and Bureau member.
In accordance with Milli Majlis decree dated August 4, 2003, he was appointed to the post of Prime Minister of the Republic of Azerbaijan.
Elected as President of the Republic of Azerbaijan on October 15, 2003.
He is fluent in Azerbaijani, Russian, English and French.
He has a son and two daughters.
![](\"images/stories/flag.jpg\")
Flag and Emblem The Flag contains three horizontal stripes of equal width. The upper stripe is of blue color, the middle one is red and the lower is green. The blue color is the color of Turkic (Azerbaijani) ethnos, red color symbolizes the adherence to freedom, democracy and human rights, and the green is the color of Islam. There is a white crescent and eight-pointed star in the middle of the red stripe. The star is the reflection of the eight different branches of the Turkic people. The ratio of the height of the flag to its length is 1 to 2.
',1,5,0,34,'2010-03-14 22:10:02',62,'','2010-03-17 17:51:02',62,62,'2010-03-17 18:49:16','2010-03-14 22:10:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=0\nshow_create_date=0\nshow_modify_date=0\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',12,0,1,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(48,'Background of the conflict','background-of-the-conflict','','The conflict is rooted in expansionism and a policy of aggression aimed at expanding the territory of Armenia by force at the expense of the territory of another sovereign state.
\r\nSeparatists in the local council of the Mountainous (Nagorno) Karabakh Autonomous Region (MKAR) of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic adopted a unilateral decision to secede from Azerbaijan in February 1988. (According to the population census of 1989, the population of the MKAR was 186,100, of which 138,600 were Armenians (73.5%) and 47,500 Azerbaijanis (25,3%). In December 1989 the Parliament of Armenia decided to annex Mountainous Karabakh, an integral part of neighboring Azerbaijan, in a move grossly violating international laws and norms of conduct. By doing so, Armenia has clearly followed an example set by Nazi Germany in annexing German-populated areas of the neighboring countries on the eve of the World War II.
\r\nArmenia started to establish unconstitutional structures in the Mountainous Karabakh (MK) region of Azerbaijan. The military formations as well as a huge amount of weapons and ammunition were shipped on the territory of Azerbaijan. A military bridgehead was set up to conduct an armed aggression against Azerbaijan.
\r\nFull-scale hostilities in the zone of the Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict escalated at the end of 1991-early 1992. Ethnic cleansing, conducted by the Armenian armed forces on the territory of the Mountainous Karabakh region, reached its climax during the massacre of Khojaly, an Azerbaijani town in the region, in February 1992. More than 800 peaceful residents, including women and children, were slaughtered in what Human Rights Watch called «the largest massacre of the conflict.» The Armenian aggression spread far beyond the administrative boundaries of the region to the rest of Azerbaijan. Between May 1992 and May 1994, six districts of Azerbaijan outside MKAR were occupied.
\r\nThus, as a result of aggression against the Republic of Azerbaijan, more than 17.000 km2 (approximately 20% of the territory) were occupied, more than 18.000 persons were killed, over 50.000 left wounded or maimed, and almost 900 settlements, 100 thousand dwellings, more than 600 schools, and 250 medical institutions were looted or ruined. The number of internally displaced persons (IDP) from the occupied Azerbaijani lands and refugees from Armenia reached about 1 million people. In a country of 8 million people, this represents the highest per capita number of IDP in the world.
\r\nWith 20% of its territory seized, Azerbaijan is facing a humanitarian disaster. Limited humanitarian aid coming to Azerbaijan falls short of the basic needs of the people affected by the conflict.
\r\nAghdere and Aghdam districts of Azerbaijan were seized by Armenian armed forces following the adoption of UN Security Council Resolution 822 (1993) of 30 April 1993,which condemned occupation of the Kelbajar district; the Fizuli district was seized after the adoption of Security Council Resolution 853 (1993) of 29 July 1993, condemning the seizure of the Aghdam district; and the Djebrail and Kubatly districts were seized after the adoption of Security Council Resolution 874 (1993) of 14 October 1993. In its resolution 884(1993) of 11 November 1993, the Security Council condemned the occupation of the Zangelan district and the town of Horadiz, attacks on civilians, and bombardments of the territory of Azerbaijan.
\r\nIn its resolutions, the UNSC underscored respect for the sovereignty, territorial integrity and inviolability of the borders of Azerbaijan, and the inadmissibility of using force to annex territories. It also demanded the immediate cessation of armed hostilities and hostile acts, and the immediate, full and unconditional withdrawal of all occupying forces from the occupied areas of Azerbaijan. Despite the unequivocal demands of the Security Council, the Republic of Armenia still occupies Azerbaijani territory and increases its military presence there.
\r\nIllegal supplies of the Russian arms and equipment to Armenia from 1994 to 1996 greatly facilitated the Armenian aggression. A military cooperation agreement between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Armenia, signed on August 29, 1997, finalized the military alliance between the two states. By signing the agreement, the Russian Federation compromised its position as a Co-Chair of the OSCE Minsk Process, which mediates the conflict.
\r\nAzerbaijan considers that this agreement aggravates the situation in the region, and undermines efforts to reach a peaceful settlement of the Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict and to strengthen security in the region.
\r\nDespite the above, the cease-fire regime, negotiated on May 12, 1994, has been generally observed. Efforts aimed at releasing POWs and hostages are continuing under the aegis ICRC. From 1993 to 1998, 357 persons were released. However, there are reports about Azerbaijanis still detained in Armenia and on the occupied territories.
\r\nThe negotiation process - International mediation on settlement of the conflict started in February 1992, within the framework of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) Minsk process. The Minsk group was established to negotiate political settlement of the conflict.
\r\nAfter occupation of the Azerbaijani territories, the UN Security Council adopted Resolutions 822, 853, 874, 884 that demand immediate and unconditional withdrawal of Armenian armed forces from the territory of Azerbaijan and return of refugees and internally displaced persons to their homes.
\r\nIn accordance with decisions of the OSCE Budapest Summit (1994) the institute of Co-Chairs, of the Minsk conference was established «to conduct speedy negotiations for the conclusion of a political agreement on the cessation of the armed conflict («Political Agreement»), the implementation of which would have eliminated major consequences of the conflict for all parties and permit the convening of the Minsk Conference.»
\r\nThereby, the Budapest Summit adopted a legal two-stage framework of the conflict settlement process:
\r\n1) First stage - elimination of consequences of the armed conflict by implementation of the agreement, i.e., full liberation of all occupied territories and ensuring return or IDP\'s to their homes:
\r\n2) Second stage - elaboration and adoption of a comprehensive peace settlement at the Minsk conference.
\r\nThe Budapest Summit also adopted a decision to establish an OSCE peacekeeping operation after the conclusion of the political agreement.
\r\nLater three main principles of the settlement of the Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict were formulated in the Statement of the OSCE Chairman-in-Office at Lisbon Summit, 1996.
\r\nThey are the following:
\r\n- Territorial integrity of Armenia and Azerbaijan;
\r\n- Legal status of Mountainous Karabakh defined in an agreement based on self-determination, which confers on Mountainous Karabakh the highest degree of self-rule within Azerbaijan;
\r\n- Guaranteed security for Mountainous Karabakh and its whole population, including mutual obligations to ensure compliance by all the Parties with the provisions of the settlement.
\r\nThese principles were supported by all 53 OSCE state-participants except Armenia. Since November 1996, Armenia has unilaterally ceased direct consultations between the two countries and only recently consultations were restored.
\r\nAfter the Lisbon Summit and establishment of an institute of the triple Co-Chairmanship (Russia-France-USA), only one round of negotiations has taken place, in April 1997.
\r\nFurther, the process of settlement was developing as follows:
\r\nJune-September, 1997, the Co-Chairs elaborated and submitted a new document for consideration of the Parties, envisaging a two-staged conflict settlement according to the following scheme:
\r\nFirst stage:
\r\n- Liberation of 6 occupied districts, outside MKAR (except Lachin district),
\r\n- Return of civilians and restoration of communication links.
\r\nSecond stage:
\r\n- Reaching solution on Lachin and Shusha districts and adoption of the main principles of the status of the Mountainous Karabakh region.
\r\nOctober 1, 1997, Azerbaijan officially informed Co-Chairs on its consent to the document at the basis for the upcoming negotiations.
\r\nOctober 1997, in Strasbourg the Presidents of Azerbaijan and Armenia made a joint statement on readiness to resume negotiations on the basis of Co-Chairmen\'s proposals.
\r\nDecember 1997, in Copenhagen, a report of the Co-Chairs, emphasizing the need to continue efforts on settlement of the conflict on the basis of Lisbon principles and proposals of Co-Chairs, was distributed at the OSCE Ministerial Council\'s meeting.
\r\nMay 13-17, 1998, during a visit of the Co-Chair\'s to the region, Armenia, under new president Robert Kocharyan officially recalled the early consent of former President of Armenia (L. Ter-Petrosyan) to stage-by-stage proposals.
\r\nNovember 9, 1998, the Co-Chairs introduced new proposal based on a Russian-designed concept of «common state». Azerbaijan from the very beginning refused to accept this proposal, and on November 19 officially informed the mediators of the unacceptability of this proposals. Azerbaijan confirmed its readiness to resume negotiations within the OSCE Minsk Group on the basis of the Co-Chairs\' proposals of September 19, 1997.
\r\nNovember 20, 1998, the delegation of the Azeri community of MK officially rejected proposals of November 9, and on November 25, Armenia and the Armenian community of MK stated the agreement with these proposals.
\r\nDecember 2-3, 1998, during the OSCE ministerial meeting in Oslo, the Chairman-in-Office appealed to the parties to the conflict to resume negotiations immediately in the framework of the Minsk Group and to Co-Chairs to continue their efforts.
\r\nOn April 2, 1999, a meeting of the presidents of Azerbaijan and Armenia during the CIS Summit in Moscow was held at which an agreement was reached on undertaking a series of meetings for discussing the problems of the peaceful settlement of Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict.
\r\nAn exchange of views and positions of the parties was continues at the meetings of the presidents on April 24 in Washington, on August 16 and 22 in Geneva, on September 10 in Yalta and on October 11 in the village of Sadarak. During the meetings an agreement was reached on the consultations between MFA and MoD of Azerbaijan and Armenia on the problems of enforcement of the cease-fire rejime, confidence-building measures, procedures of preventing and settlement of the border incidents, as well as the development of the agreed basis for the resumption of the negotiations process within the framework of the OSCE Minsk Group. As an implementation of the agreement meetings and consultations of defence ministers (September 14 and October 11) and of foreign ministers (Seprtember 10, September 30 and October 12) of Azerbaijan and Armenia were held.
\r\nOn September 18, 1999, during the visit of the OSCE Chairman-in-Office K.Vollebaek to Baku it was declared that the meetings and consultations of the presidents of Azerbaijan and Armenia did not substitute the OSCE Minsk process and the Co-Chairmen of the OSCE Minsk Group was called to speed up their activities and make a new proposal acceptable to both parties.
\r\nOn November 18-19, 1999, in the Final Document of the OSCE Istanbul Summit and in the report of the OSCE Chairman-in-Office it was once again underlined that the Minsk Group was the most suitable format for the settlement of the Nagorno Karabakh problem, the continuation of the dialogue of two presidents which is to complement the Minsk process was welcomed, and the parties were called to resume as soon as possible the negotiations on the conflict settlement. The European Security Charter was adopted at the OSCE Istanbul Summit. It is a legally-binding document that confirms the OSCE principles and norms and the resulting commitments of the states on the observance of the sovereignty and territorial integrity.
\r\nOn December 13-15, 1999, the first visit of new Co-Chairmen of the OSCE Minsk Group to the region was held. The Co-Chairmen of the Minsk Group declared that they would begin the work on new proposals that would be based on the elements on which the agreement had been reached at the meetings of the presidents of Azerbaijan and Armenia. In its actiities on the settlement of the conflict the Co-Chairmanship of the OSCE Minsk Group will pay a considerable attention to the economic development of the region. On this purpose the Co-Chairmanship of the OSCE Minsk Group expressed their intention to appeal to the world financial institutions, public and non-governmental organizations to send experts to the region in order to carry out the works on estimating the costs of the reconstruction of the region.
\r\nOn January 24, 2000, during the Summit of the CIS member-states in Moscow a separate meeting of the presidents of Azerbaijan and Armenia, and on January 25 a quadripartite meeting with the participation of presidents of Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia and the Acting President of the Russian Federation V.Putin were held. Consultations between presidents of Azerbaijan and Armenia were resumde during the meetings and it was declared that the policy of the \"Four\" in the region will be based on the principles of the international law and, first of all, on the absolute acknowledgement of the principle of territorial integrity of the sovereign states.
\r\nOn January 28, 2000, at the World Economic Forum in Davos the consultations between presidents of Azerbaijan and Armenia on searching the ways of peacefull settlement of the conflict. The foreign ministers of the two countries took part in the meeting.
\r\nOn July 20, 2000, during the Summit of the CIS member-states in Moscow a quadripartite meeting with the participation of the presidents of Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia and the Russian Federation was held. The questions of peaceful settlement of conflicts in South Caucasus, the problem of consolidation of regional security, including the cooperation in the struggle against international terrorism as well as in humanitarian and other fields. The text of joint statement signed as a result of the meeting of three presidents was also circulated. The statement says that the sides expressed their adherence to the continuation of meetings in this format, welcomed the initiative of the world community and international organisations, which assist the acceleration of settlement of conflicts in South Caucasus. Heads of states agreed that such meetings will be held not less than two times a year and as a rule will be held during CIS summits.
\r\nOn July 2-5, 2000, the visit by the Co-Chairmen of the OSCE Minsk Group to the region was held. In their activities on the settlement of the conflict a great attention was paid to the economic development of the region. With this aim the Co-Chairmen of the OSCE Minsk Group appealed to the world financial institutes, social non-governmental organisations to send experts to the region to estimate the possibilities of its economic reconstruction. During the visit, the Co-Chairmen of the OSCE Minsk Group made a statement that they would search the methods of modifying the plan of the Karabakh conflict settlement.
\r\nOn November 30, 2000 in Minsk during the Summit of the heads of the countries of CIS the bilateral meeting of the President of Azerbaijan H.Aliyev and of Armenia R.Kocharyan took place. After the ending of the meeting the President of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev declared that he was satisfied on the whole with last negotiations.The President H.Aliyev justified his satisfaction by unofficial feature of the meeting but that the Presidents of these two countries are in the process of the search of the ways of the solution of Nagorniy Karabakh problem. As the President of Armenia R.Kocharyan noticed in his turn, the agreement about the intensification of the meetings was achieved at the meeting.
\r\nOn January 25, 2001 in Paris negotiations of the Presidents of Armenia and Azerbaijan Robert Kocharyan and Heydar Aliyev in the presence of the President of Republic of France Jacques Chiraq. In the briefing after the negotiations, which took place in Paris in Yelisey Palace in the presence of the President of the Republic of France Jacques Chiraq, the President of Armenia Robert Kocharyan noticed, that \"the complete solution of the problem was maybe achieved at the attraction to the negotiations of the representatives of Nagorniy Karabakh\". The President of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev said in his turn that \"as soon as we come to something concrete at the bilateral negotiations with the leader of Armenia, perhaps the third part may appear \". Both Presidents characterized their bilateral negotiations in Paris as \"rather positive\", having informed, that they outlined the plan of the following meeting in the very near future.
\r\nMay 31, 2001 - At the CIS Summit in Minsk the trilateral meeting among President of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev, President of Armenia Robert Kocharyan and President of Russia Vladimir Putin was held. During the meeting the three presidents discussed the problem of the peaceful settlement of Armenian-Azerbaijani, Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.
\r\nAugust 1, 2001 - At the informal Summit of the CIS countries in Sochi President of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev and President of Armenia Robert Kocharyan held a bilateral meeting. During the meeting they had a wide discussion on the problem of the peaceful settlement of Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict.
\r\nCurrently the Co-Chairs are pursuing their objective to present a compromise settlement plan to the conflict based on the principles of international law.
\r\n\r\n
The Legal Aspects of the Conflict
\r\n1. Based on the laws and Constitution of the former USSR.
On February 20 1988, a session of the Supreme Soviet of the Mountainous Karabakh Autonomous Region (Mountainous Karabakh region) appealed to the Supreme Soviet of Armenia, Azerbaijan and the USSR to allow it to be joined to Armenia. The Azerbaijani government quickly rejected this request on the basis of the USSR Constitution of 1977, Article 78 which provides that «The territory of Union Republics may be altered by mutual agreement of the Republics concerned, subject to ratification by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics». This constitutional act of Azerbaijan was received in Mountainous Karabakh and in Armenia with hostilities against Azeris. Strikes and mass demonstrations were organized in order to exert pressure on the central government.
However, on July 18, 1988, a special session of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR discussed the resolution of the Supreme Soviet of the Mountainous Karabakh region on secession from Azerbaijan and incorporation into Armenia and adopted a decision confirming that Mountainous Karabakh remains an Autonomous Region within Azerbaijan. The response to this decision in Mountainous Karabakh was again strikes and mass protests.
\r\nAll attempts of Azeri authorities to discuss possible solutions to existing problems in the Region with local Armenian authorities of Mountainous Karabakh were rejected. Representatives of the Azeri government visiting Stepanakert to hold negotiations were attacked and beaten.
\r\nOn December 1, 1989, the Supreme Soviet of Armenia adopted a resolution on unification of Mountainous Karabakh with Armenia. Such a resolution violates Azerbaijani territorial integrity and makes the territorial claims official.
\r\nThe Autonomous Regions in the former USSR did not have constitutions as did Autonomous Republics, neither had the right of secession as did the Union Republics. The principles of granting autonomous status (Region or Republic) to the national minorities in the former USSR did not have any logical basis and their creation had more political aims rooted in imperialistic rule, than desire for protection of minorities’ rights.
\r\n2. Based on the Treaty of the Commonwealth of Independent States.
After the coup d\'etat failure and the USSR\'s collapse, Armenia and Azerbaijan as independent states entered the Commonwealth of Independent States. One of the major principles of the Commonwealth Treaty is inviolability of the borders of the constituent sovereign states, that is, territorial integrity. However, the Armenian population in Mountainous Karabakh held a referendum, declared the establishment of the «Mountainous Karabakh Republic» as an «independent» state and appealed to the Commonwealth for membership. This separatist action contradicts to the principles of the Treaty, signed by 11 sovereign republics, the Helsinki Final Act and International Law, and was not recognized by the Commonwealth or any other states of the world.
\r\n\r\n;3. Based on International Law, OSCE and U.N. principles
At the present time Armenia has changed its policy towards the Mountainous Karabakh problem. Former Armenian president Ter-Petrosyan and other officials stated that Armenia had no territorial claims to Azerbaijan and Mountainous Karabakh was the internal matter of Azerbaijan and the problem of self-determination of the Armenian population there. Even the official approach of the Armenian government changed, but the resolution on incorporation of Mountainous Karabakh still exists. Armenian officials say that it is not valid, but it was not annulled and officially still on the book. The deputies elected in Mountainous-Karabakh are still members of the Armenian Parliament and the Armenian soldiers are fighting on the territory of Azerbaijan and killing its citizens. Though Armenia\'s authorities changed their strategy and stance on the problem, the facts show the volume of political and military interference of Armenia into internal affairs of the Republic of Azerbaijan.
Armenians of Mountainous-Karabakh also changed their position at present stage of the conflict. At present time they do not voice their desire to join Armenia, but declare their goal to establish an independent state based on the principle of the people’s right to self-determination. In that case, it is very important to differ between the rights of «people» and the rights of «minorities». Armenians living in Azerbaijan are national minority, which has a mother-nation in Armenia. Karabakh Armenians have the right to internal self-determination, meaning the right to determine their status for effective participation in political, social, economic, cultural, religious and public life in Azerbaijan in a manner, which is not threatening the territorial integrity of Azerbaijan and its sovereignty. After the collapse of Russian Empire the Armenian people exercised their right to self-determination on the territory of present Armenia plus Zangesur, given to it by the Bolshevik government after the occupation of the two republics in 1920-21. The Armenian people achieved independence and their right to self-determination on the territory of the present Armenia again after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.
\r\nStrictly legal arguments against secession were summarized by Lee C. Buchheit and include the following:
\r\n1. That the right of self-determination of people can only be exercised once on the basis of the maxim pacta sunt servanda;
2. International Law is the law of states and not of peoples or individuals. States are the subject of international law and peoples are the objects of that law;
3. The so-called principle of mutuality; as states cannot oust a part of them, equally a part of a State cannot forcefully secede.
How many times will the Armenian people exercise its right to self-determination by building independent states? Today they plan to do it on the territory of Azerbaijan; by this logic in the future it can took place in Georgia, Russia, even California as well. Armenian scholars emphasize that Mountainous Karabakh is a special case and Karabakh Armenians differ from the other Armenian communities outside of Armenia, as they had autonomous status, which is the starting point for self-determination and as a result of it, for secession. But the Autonomous Region of Mountainous Karabakh did not have the right of secession on the basis of the Constitutions of the former USSR and Azerbaijan. So, there is no legitimate difference in terms of secession, between Armenians of Mountainous Karabakh and Armenians living in compact communities in other countries. No doubt that Armenians living in Mountainous Karabakh in Azerbaijan or in the territory of other states are national minority and have the right to determine their status inside the states they inhabit, but should not take measures for its dismemberment.
\r\n«Nothing in the foregoing paragraphs (the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples) shall be construed as authorizing or encouraging any action which would dismember or impair, totally or it part, the territorial integrity or political unity of sovereign and independent States conducting themselves in compliance with the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples as described above and thus possessed of a government representing the whole people belonging to the territory without distinction as to race, creed or color»
(UN resolution 2625 (XXV) adopted at 24 October 1970)
Armenians in Azerbaijan as a national minority have the right to internal self-determination which enable their free participation in the political life of Azerbaijan, pursue their economic, social and cultural development, to establish and maintain, without discrimination, free and peaceful contacts across frontiers with citizens of Armenia to whom they are related by national,
religious and linguistic ties. Self-determination does not necessarily mean secession, particularly by the use of force.
The problem of self-determination, and as result of it secession, is a very complicated question, especially, in such area as the Caucasus, where the state borders don\'t coincide with the ethnic ones. The secessionist approach in this area will lead to instability, confrontation, and bloodshed. It will not serve the purposes of friendly relations between the Caucasian peoples. The present situation in Caucasus proves it, particularly, Mountainous Karabakh in Azerbaijan, South Ossetia and Abkhazia in Georgia. The demands for the secession of Mountainous Karabakh from Azerbaijan after the deportation of all Azeris from Armenia and later from Mountainous Karabakh, flagrant violation of their right to self-determination seems to be not only illegal, on the basis of the existing international norms, the principles of the OSCE and UN, but also immoral.
\r\nSo, the solution of minorities’ problem in the framework of the present borders and on the basis of Art 27 of the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights are more constructive than secession, which was always the factor of destabilization in the Caucasus.
\r\nThe express acceptance in the relevant UN resolutions of the principles of the national unity and the territorial integrity of the State implies non-recognition of the right of forceful secession.
\r\n«The right of peoples to self-determination, as it emerges from the United Nations, exists for peoples under colonial and alien domination, that is to say, who are not living under the legal form of a state. The right to secession from an existing State Member of the United Nations does not exist as such in the instrument or in the practice followed by the Organization, since to seek to invoke it in order to disrupt the national unity and the territorial integrity of a State would be a misapplication of the principle of self-determination contrary to the purposes of the United Nations Charter».
(G. Espiell, The Right to Self-Determination, supra note 151, para. 90)
This is how a prominent expert on international law and the problems of self-determination Antonio Cassese describes the issue in his article «Self-Determination of Peoples»: «The right to self-determination, I have said, belongs also to «national» peoples in a multi-national state like the federated republics of the USSR. Unlike ethnic minorities in unitary states who are not «peoples» for purposes of Article 1, national peoples, federated in a sovereign state and enjoying distinct constitutional status, enjoy the right of external self-determination. This includes the right to independence, which the central sovereign, if a party to the Covenant, is bound to honor». Armenians living in Azerbaijan and Georgia, Georgians living in Azerbaijan and Azeris who lived in Armenia and are living in Georgia are considered to be ethnic minorities who have the rights formulated in Art 27 of the Covenant on Civil and Political rights, but not in Art 1 of the same Covenant.
\r\nThe free interpretation of Art 1 of the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, due to the self-determination of peoples with regard to the Armenian population of Mountainous Karabakh, used by Armenian side, is nothing more than the speculation on UN documents in order to justify the military occupation of Azerbaijani territory, inhabited predominantly by Armenians. Commenting UN practice, Professor Van Dyke wrote that the UN would be in an extremely difficult position if it had to interpret the right to self-determination in such a way as to invite or justify attacks on the territorial integrity of its own members.
(V.Van Dyke, Human Rights, the United States and the World Community 102,1971 )
Armenia and Azerbaijan became the members of the OSCE and the United Nations, objects of International Law, and thus are obligated to follow its principles. However, Armenia violates the territorial integrity of Azerbaijan, as well as the principles of the United Nations, by sending armed forces into Mountainous Karabakh. Such use of force is prohibited, according to Art 2 (4), unless the UN Security Council authorizes Armenia’s use of force, which is irrelevant in this case. Armenia\'s invasion of the part of Azerbaijani territory is therefore, a violation of the prohibition of the use of intend-state force in the UN Charter Art 2 (4) and inconsistent with Art 2 (3) of the UN Charter which states that the conflicts, between states shall be settled in a peaceful manner.
\r\n«In accordance with our obligations under the Charter of the United Nations and commitments under the Helsinki Final Act we renew our pledge to refrain from the threat or use force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State, or from action in any other manner inconsistent with the principles or purposes of those documents. We recall that non-compliance with obligations under the Charter of the United Nations constitutes a violation of international low»
(Charter of Paris For a New Europe, Paris, 1990 )
Armenia denies the presence of its troops in Mountainous Karabakh, trying to convince the international community that it does not violate the territorial integrity of Azerbaijan and norms of the international law. However, there are many facts showing the participation of the Armenian Army soldiers in military and terrorist actions in the territory of Azerbaijan. All these facts are based on investigations, photo and video materials. The presence of Armenian military troops on the territory of Azerbaijan is said to be for «self-defense» purposes. In that case, it is not clear, why Armenian «self-defenders» attacked the Azeri towns and villages, burnt their houses, killed civilians and evicted the Azeri population from Mountainous Karabakh. The reference to self-defense is an attempt to justify the undeclared war against Azerbaijan over five years, during which the international community was mostly misinformed by USSR information agencies and the Armenian propaganda machine. But, from the beginning of 1992 several CSCE, UN fact-finding missions visited the area and gathered more detailed and objective information about the conflict over Mountainous Karabakh. On February 27-28 the first CSCE fact-finding mission presented its report on the conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia over Mountainous Karabakh to the Committee of Senior Officials of the CSCE. The members of the Committee adopted the recommendations to conflicting sides, which was based on the principle of inviolability of the borders (one of the basic principles of CSCE) and human and minority rights protection. Azerbaijani government stated that local and cultural autonomy can be given to Armenians in Mountainous Karabakh and they are ready to negotiate on that matter with the participation of international mediators. Unfortunately, the Armenian side is opposing the recommendation of the Committee of Senior Officials of the CSCE relevant to the inviolability of the borders between Azerbaijan and Armenia. The Armenian side considers that secess on of Mountainous Karabakh from Azerbaijan and establishment of independent Mountainous Karabakh republic is the only resolution of the conflict. Such an option is not acceptable to Azerbaijan as it violates its territorial integrity and sovereignty and contradicts to OSCE and UN principles:
\r\n«Any attempt aimed at the partial or total disruption of the national unity and the territorial integrity of a country is incompatible with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations» - says UN Charter.
\r\nBut Armenia is continuing the forcible occupation of the territories of Azerbaijan, planning to annex the territory of Azerbaijan and link Mountainous Karabakh with Armenia. Such actions by Armenia will escalate the tension and the war between Azerbaijan and Armenia, and will threaten the stability of the whole region.
\r\n«No State or group of States has the right to intervene, directly or indirectly, for any reason whatever, in the internal or external affairs of any other State. Consequently, aimed intervention and all other forms of interference or attempted threats against the personality of the State or against its political, economic and cultural elements are in violation of international law».
(XXV) Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among states in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, 20.10.1970
\r\n
Economic damage to Azerbaijan inflicted by the aggression of Armenia
\r\nAs the result of aggression of the Republic of Armenia against the Republic of Azerbaijan, during the 1988-1994 period, serious material damage has been caused to Azerbaijan.
\r\nOverall area of the occupied territories of the Republic of Azerbaijan includes:
\r\n- the territory of the Mountainous Karabakh Region;
- the Territories of 7 regions bordering with Mountainous Karabakh (Aghdam, Fizuli, Djabrayil, Zangelan, Kubatly, Lachin and Kelbajar);
- the territories of 4 regions bordering with Armenia (Gazakh, Agstafa, Tovuz and Gedabey);
- the territories of 4 regions bordering with the Line of Contact (Ter-Ter, Goranboy,Agdjabedi and Beylagan);
- and the territories of the administrative regions of the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic. This area constitutes 17,000 square miles.
Occupied regions of Azerbaijan have been almost totally destroyed and looted. Great economic damage has been inflicted also to 4 regions of Azerbaijan bordering with Armenia, 4 regions bordering with the line of contact, and the territories of the administrative regions of the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic.
\r\nFrom the beginning of the aggression against Azerbaijan, more than 877 settlements have been burned and destroyed.
\r\nThe Armenian aggressors have pursued the policy of «burned-land and ethnic cleansing» on all captured territories. As a result of such actions, more than 150 thousand houses and apartments (9.1 million square miles) have been destroyed and robbed and 1 million people were forced to leave their homes and became refugees.
\r\nIn the occupied zones, about 6.000 manufacturing, agricultural and other kinds of factories and plants were fully plundered and exterminated. More than 1 million hectares of agricultural sowing lands, including 127,700 hectares of irrigated lands and 34,600 hectares of vineyards and orchards have been damaged. A 1,200 km2 irrigation system has been totally destroyed. This irrigation system has been partly removed to Armenia.
\r\nThe damage only to Azerbaijani agricultural lands inflicted by the Armenian aggression is $472 million.
\r\nSome 244 thousand flocks and herds and 69,000 cattle were driven from the occupied territories out of Azerbaijan. Some 70% of summer pastures of Azerbaijan remain in the occupied zone.
\r\nSome 4,366 social and medical establishments, including 690 secondary schools, 855 kindergardens, 4 sanatorium complexes, 490 hospitals and other structures of public health have been crippled and fallen into decay.
\r\nA number of historical and cultural monuments of the Azerbaijani cultural legacy have been eliminated wild great cynicism by the Armenian aggressors. In all, 22 museums, 4 picture galleries and 9 historical palaces have been burned and devastated by the Armenian barbarians. Some 40 thousand museum pieces and exhibits, which represent great historical meaning, gold and silver, very rare and precious jewelry stones, carpets and other handmade and applied goods, have been robbed. About 44 temples and 9 mosques were desecrated. Some 4.6 mill ion books and inestimable manuscripts have been burned and 927 libraries looted.
\r\nA number of cultural and art establishments including 6 state theatres and concert organizations, 386 clubs and 85 musical schools have been destroyed.
\r\nThe infrastructure of all the 7 occupied regions has been destroyed. Telephone exchanges for 35 thousand subscribers, 2,500 transformer stations and 14,500 km of electric lines have been looted and stolen. More than 160 bridges (3,834 m), 800 km of roads, and 2,300 km of water pipelines, 2 thousand gas pipelines and 35 gas distribution stations have also been destroyed.
\r\nThe combat activities and following occupation caused a serious environmental damage. As a result, 280 thousand hectares of forest (or 25% of Azerbaijan\'s forests), 6 major national parks, as well as more than 200 paleontology and geological sites remain under occupation. In 1993 alone 206,6 thousand m3 of valuable types of timber were taken to Armenia.
\r\nBiological diversity of the region occupied by the Armenian aggressors is under threat, because its unique ecosystem is being uncontrollably exterminated. By exploiting mineral resources of the occupied regions, including 2 gold, 4 mercury, 2 chromium, 1 zinc, 1 copper and oilier deposits, Armenia has cynically claimed to be one the world\'s leading exporters of rare, precious and non-ferrous metals. The conclusion of an agreement between Armenia and a Canadian company «First Dynasty Mines» on a joint development and exploitation of the Soyudly (Zod) gold deposit, located in the occupied Kelbajar region of Azerbaijan, is an outrageous violation of all international norms.
\r\nUncontrolled mass looting and removal of valuable construction materials to Armenia is shamelessly used in Armenia\'s construction industry and has become a significant export item for Armenia.
\r\nAnnually, vast amounts of natural mineral water from Isti-Su mineral spring and other mineral water springs are being transported from the occupied territories of Azerbaijan and form a significant share of currency earnings for Armenia.
\r\nOverall, damage inflicted as a result of aggression of the Republic of Armenia against the Republic of Azerbaijan, according to preliminary data, exceeds more than $22 billion.
\r\n\r\n
Chronology of the Armenian aggression
\r\n1987
\r\nOctober - First meeting in Yerevan (Armenia) took place with challenges to annex the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous region (NKAR) of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic to the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR).
\r\n1988
\r\nJanuary 25 - Exodus of Azerbaijanis living in the Armenian SSR began.
\r\nFebruary 22-23 - The first meetings in Baku and Sumgait took place with a slogan: «NKAR is the integral part of Azerbaijan».
\r\nFebruary 24 - For the first time, in the course of the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict blood was shed: in NKAR two Azerbaijanis were killed.
\r\nFebruary 27 - Strikes started in NKAR with the demand to be separated from Azerbaijan.
\r\nFebruary 28-29 - Pogroms and massive disorders in Sumgait took place. There were people, among the organisers of pogroms, of Armenian Nationality.
\r\nMarch 18 - Plenary Session of NKAR\'s regional Committee adopted a decision on annexation of NKAR to Armenia.
\r\nMarch 24 - Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party and Council of Ministers adopted a resolution «On measures for speeding up the social-economic development of NKAR of the Azerbaijan SSR in 1988-1995».
\r\nThe first decade of May - More than one thousand Azerbaijani refugees, deported from Armenia, came to Azerbaijan.
\r\nMay 18 - Meetings took place in Baku as a sign of protest against ejection of Azerbaijanis from Armenia.
\r\nThe first decade of June - Discrimination acts against Azerbaijanis in NKAR broke out. In a few days about 2.000 people were ejected.
\r\nJune 14 - According to State Committee on Statistics of Azerbaijan four more thousand refugees fled to the Republic.
\r\nThe last decade of June - Ejection of Azerbaijanis from Armenia is going on.
\r\nJuly 12 - The Session of People\'s Deputies of the Regional Soviet in NKAR adopted an anti-constitutional decision on separation from the Azerbaijani SSR.
\r\nJuly 13 - Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijani SSR considered the decision of the session of the Regional Soviet from July 12, 1988, as an illicit act.
\r\nJuly 18 - The enlarged meeting of the Presidium of the USSR\'s Supreme Soviet endorsed NKAR as belonging to the Azerbaijani SSR.
\r\nSeptember 3-21 - Series of terrorist acts against Azerbaijanis in NKAR, setting out fire to houses and killing peaceful Azerbaijani population in Stepanakert.
\r\nNovember 18 - December 5 - Meetings took place in Baku with the demand to put an end to terrorist acts against Azerbaijanis in NKAR.
\r\nNovember 24 - The State of Emergency was announced in Baku, Nakhchivan, Ganja.
\r\nNovember 27-29 - As a result of anti-Azerbaijani massacres 33 Azerbaijanis were killed in the cities of Gugark, Spitak and Stepanavan of the Armenian SSR.
\r\nThe second part of December - Exodus of Azerbaijanis from Armenia. More than 105 thousand refugees fled to Azerbaijan from the Armenian SSR.
\r\n1989
\r\nJanuary 12 - In the territory of NKAR of Azerbaijan SSR a form of ruling was applied: Committee of special ruling was set up.
\r\nMay-June - The First Congress of the People\'s Deputies decided to form a Commission of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on Nagorny Karabakh
\r\nJuly 7 - The Azerbaijani village of Karkijahan in NKAR was fired.
\r\nJuly 11 - The escalation of the situation in NKAR. An armed assault on Azerbaijanis in Stepanakert. People were killed.
\r\nJuly 29 - The traffic of trains from Azerbaijan to Armenia was cut short because of the attacks to the trains in the territory of Armenia. The beginning of the blockade of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan by Armenia.
\r\nAugust 16 - There was the congress of the authoritative representatives of Armenian population of NKAR in Stepanakert, those refused to recognise the status of NKAR, as an autonomous region of Azerbaijan.
\r\nAugust 27 - The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijani Republic declared as illegal the decision of the congress of authoritative representatives of the Armenian population of NKAR from August 16, 1989.
\r\nThe last decade of September - Strikes of the Azerbaijani railroaders in connection with the attacks to the trains in the territory of Armenia.
\r\nThe second decade of October - The beginning of the blockade of Shusha region of NKAR, majority of the population of which is Azerbaijanis (91,7%).
\r\nThe second decade of November - Assaults on Azerbaijani trains in the territory of the Armenian SSR, caused the stopping rail road traffic between the Azerbaijani SSR and the Armenian SSR.
\r\nNovember 28 - The Supreme Soviet of the USSR passed a resolution «on measures for normalising the situation in NKAR». It was decided to form the republican organisational committee on NKAR and to restore the activity of the regional council of the people\'s deputies, by abolishing the Committee of special rule of NKAR.
\r\nDecember 1 - The Supreme Soviet of the Armenian SSR passed an anti-constitutional resolution «On reunification of the Armenian SSR and Nagorny Karabakh».
\r\nThe first and second decades of December - Number of attacks from the territory of Armenia to the border villages of Azerbaijan were registered. The Infantry brigands from the territory of Armenia were landed in the regions of Khanlar and Shaumyan of Azerbaijan.
\r\nDecember 7 - The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijani SSR assessed this resolution of the Armenian Supreme Soviet from December 1, 1989 as inadmissible interference in the affairs of the Azerbaijani SSR, encroachment on its territorial integrity.
\r\n1990
\r\nJanuary 9 - The session of the Armenian Supreme Soviet, considering the issues of planning and budget for 1990, included in its sphere of influence the plans of social-economic development of NKAR.
\r\nJanuary 9 - Seizure of the Azerbaijani hostages by Armenians in the region of Shaumyan of Azerbaijan SSR.
\r\nJanuary 4-10 - An illegal supply of about 100 tanks, artillery and anti-aircraft weapons by the Soviet Army to Armenia.
\r\nJanuary 11 - The Azerbaijani Supreme Soviet condemned the decision of the Armenian Supreme Soviet to include NKAR in its economic sphere and assessed it as a grave violation of the sovereignty of the Azerbaijan Republic.
\r\nJanuary 13 - As a result of the armed attacks Armenians occupied the village of Karki in Nakhchivan AR.
\r\nJanuary 15 - An armed Armenian infantry were landed in the village of Gushchu of Khanlar region.
\r\nJanuary 19 - Armenians assaulted on the settlement of Sadarak in Nakhchivan AR.
\r\nJanuary 20 - The Soviet troops entered Baku, as a result 124 people were killed, 737 people were wounded. The State of emergency was declared in Baku and in other cities of Azerbaijan.
\r\nJanuary 21 - The Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijani SSR demanded the immediate withdrawal of the Soviet troops from Baku
\r\nFebruary 13 - The Supreme Soviet of the Armenian SSR passed a resolution «On admission as illegal the decision of the Caucasian Bureau of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party of July 5, 1921», which left NKAR as part of the Azerbaijani SSR.
\r\nMarch 6 - The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijani SSR passed a resolution «On inadmissibility of territorial claims by the Armenian SSR».
\r\nMarch 7 - The Supreme Soviet of the USSR passed a resolution «On the situation in the Azerbaijani SSR and Armenian SSR and on the measures for normalising the situation in this region».
\r\nMarch 24 - The attack of the armed thugs of the Armenian SSR to the villages of the Gazakh region of the Azerbaijani SSR. All civilians of these villages were killed.
\r\nMay 22 - The attempts to organise elections of the people\'s deputies of the Armenian SSR in the territory of the NKAR failed.
\r\nMay 25 - The resolution of the Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijan SSR «On anti-constitutional decision of the Supreme Soviet of the Armenian SSR and its Presidium concerning NKAR of the Azerbaijani SSR».
\r\nJune 25 - Decree of the President of the USSR «On prohibition to form armed forces which are not envisaged in the legislation of the USSR and confiscation of illegally kept weapons».
\r\nJune 29 - The Council of Ministers of the Azerbaijani SSR passed a resolution «On resumption of sovereign rights of the Azerbaijani SSR in NKAR and measures for social economical development of the region».
\r\nSeptember 23 - The People\'s deputies of the USSR from Azerbaijan appealed the Supreme Soviet of the USSR «On forcible deportation of the Azerbaijani population of Armenia».
\r\n1991
\r\nJanuary-May - The Armenian thugs committed terrorist acts against the leadership of the Committee of the special directorate of NKAR, the armed attacks and firing of the Azerbaijani villages.
\r\nMay 9 - The USSR Ministry of the Internal Affairs, KGB and Ministry of Defence take measures for disarmament of the illegal Armenian armed forces and confiscation of weapons in the districts near the border of Azerbaijan and Armenia, as well as in NKAR of the Azerbaijani SSR.
\r\nJune 29 - The Session of the Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijani Republic draws the attention of the USSR President and the Supreme Soviet of the USSR to the new stage of escalation of Armenian thugs groups attacks in NKAR, as well as passes a decision to mom up the territory of NKAR from the thugs groups dispatched from Armenia and finish the measures of the USSR presidential decree banning the formation of armed forces.
\r\nSeptember 2 - The Armenian separatists declared the establishment of so called «Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (NKR)» in the territory of Nagorny Karabakh region of the Azerbaijani Republic. All the armed groups of about 15.000 were formed as «self-defence forces of NKR» and subordinated to the Committee of Defence.
\r\nThe middle of September - The Armenian armed forces began attacks the western part of Goranboy district of Azerbaijan and occupied number of inhabited settlements.
\r\nSeptember 23 - Meeting of Presidents of Azerbaijan and Armenia in Zheleznovodsk (Russia) mediated by the Russian and Kazakhstan Presidents. There was reached an agreement on peaceful settlement of the conflict.
\r\nOctober-November - The Armenian armed forces launched hostilities to drive the Azerbaijani population out from the territories of Martuni and Hadrut districts of the NKAR. The USSR air forces took part in the hostilities supporting the Armenian forces. The Armenian forces occupied about 30 settlements.
\r\nNovember 20 - Near the village of Garakend of the Khojavand district of the Azerbaijan Republic the helicopter «MI-8» was shot down, in which there was the peacemaking group of the Russian, Kazakhstan representatives and the senior leadership of Azerbaijan. The murder of 22 people, including the state figures of the 3 countries put an end the first attempt for peaceful settlement of the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict, undertaken in Zheleznovodsk and gave an impetus to the escalation of violence in the region.
\r\nThe middle of December - The forces of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR were withdrawn from the territory of Nagorny Karabakh. Illegal transfer of weapons to Armenia by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR.
\r\nDecember 30 - The leaders of CIS countries called on Azerbaijan and Armenia to resume the negotiation process.
\r\n1992
\r\nJanuary - The armed forces of Armenia relying on the support of rifle regiment 366 of the Russian armed forces, launched the occupation of the last Azerbaijani settlements of Karabakh which were in a complete isolation.
\r\nJanuary 30-31 - The second meeting of the Council of CSCE (Prague). Azerbaijan and Armenia got the membership of CSCE. It was decided to send a mission of rapporteurs to the region of conflict.
\r\nThe first half of February - Occupation of the suburb of Stepanakert (Karkijahan), as well as the Azerbaijani settlements along the road of Shusha-Khojaly and around Shusha.
\r\nFebruary 12-18 - First visit of the CSCE mission of rapporteur to the region.
\r\nFebruary 25-26 - Assault and seizure of the city of Khojaly (Nagorno-Karabakh region, Azerbaijan) by military forces of Armenia and with the participation of 366 Infantry regiment of the Russian military forces, as a result 800 civilians were brutally killed.
\r\nThe end of February - Evacuation of the staff of the 366 Infantry regiment of the Russian military forces from Stepanakert and illegal transfer of 25 tanks, 87 armoured infantry fighting vehicles, 28 armoured vehicles, 45 artillery mortar systems to Armenians.
\r\nMarch 24 - Additional Helsinki meeting of the CSCE Council, decision to convene a conference on Nagorny Karabakh under the aegis of the CSCE. Chairman-in-Office designated Mr. Rafaelli as a Chairman of the Minsk Conference.
\r\nApril - Beginning of the activity of Russia as mediator.
\r\nMay 7 - Meeting of the Heads of Armenia and Azerbaijan in Tehran through the mediation of Iran (meeting was devoted to the normalisation of the situation in Nagorny Karabakh and to the peaceful settlement of the conflict).
\r\nMay 8 - Military Forces of the Russian Army occupied azerbaijani city Shusha and Shusha region (Nagorny Karabakh) that led to the breakdown of agreements reached in Tehran. As the result of the occupation of Shusha region 23156 Azerbaijanis were driven out from their permanent residences. Thus, there was finished ethnic cleansing in Nagorny Karabakh.
\r\nMay 18-19 - Military forces of the Republic of Armenia occupied Lachin region, which was outside Nagorny Karabakh. As the result of this occupation 63341 Azerbaijanis were banished from their homes. At the same time military forces of the Russian Army attacked strategically important part of the Azerbaijani-Turkish border in Sadarak region (Nakhchivan).
\r\nMay 18-19 - In connection with the occupation of Lachin district of Azerbaijan decision making on an extraordinary preparing meeting of the CSCE participating states at the Conference on Nagorny Karabakh which was held under the aegis of CSCE was failed.
\r\nJune-September - Rounds of negotiations were held within the framework of the CSCE Minsk group on the cessation of the offensive operations, de-escalation of the conflict and normalisation of the life of ordinary citizens.
\r\nSeptember 19 - Agreements on cessation of all military actions in 2 months period reached by Defence Ministers of Armenia and Azerbaijan with the participation of the Ministers of defence and Security of Russia (Sochi).
\r\nSeptember-November - Visits and consultations of the Russian mediator mission in the region.
\r\nNovember 26-December 1 - Meeting of the CSCE Ad-hoc group with the competence of advanced group of observes (Vienna).
\r\nDecember 7-9 - Unofficial meeting of the personal representatives of the Presidents of Azerbaijan, Armenia, Russia, USA and Turkey (Geneva).
\r\nDecember 9-12 - Violation of the agreement reached between Defence Ministers of Armenia and Azerbaijan in Sochi, Armenia occupied 8 villages of Zangelan district of Azerbaijan.
\r\n1993
\r\nFebruary 5 - Beginning of the large-scale attacks of the military forces of the Russian Army in the northern part of the front.
\r\nMarch 17-21 - Meeting of Personal Representatives of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Russia, USA, Turkey and chairman of the CSCE Minsk group.
\r\nMarch 27-April 3 - Occupation of Kalbadjar district of Azerbaijan by the armed forces of Armenia, which is situated outside of Nagorny Karabakh, as a result of this 60698 Azerbaijanis were driven out from their permanent residences.
\r\nMarch 31 - Resumption of the meeting in Geneva. Personal Representative of the President of USA is breaking off the negotiations because of the occupation of Kalbadjar district of Azerbaijan by Armenia.
\r\nApril 6 - The Statement of the Chairman of the UN Security Council, condemning the occupation of the district of Kalbadjar.
\r\nApril 30 - The adoption of the resolution 822 by UN Security Council, demanding «the immediate withdrawal of all occupying forces from the district of Kalbadjar and other recently occupied districts of Azerbaijan».
\r\nJune 3-4 - The Consultations of «the Minsk Nine». Adoption of «Schedule of urgent measures on implementation of the resolution 822 of the UN Security Council».
\r\nJune 17 - The arrangement through the mediation of Russia on ceasing of bombardment of Aghdam and Stepanakert.
\r\nJune 26-28 - The armed forces of the Republic of Armenia captured the city of Aghdara of the Republic of Azerbaijan.
\r\nJune 27 - The arrangement through mediation of Russia on ceasing hostilities, shelling and air bombardment for one week in the districts of Mardakert and Aghdam.
\r\nJuly 12 - The visit of Mr. Rafaelli to Baku, Yerevan and Stepanakert aiming at adoption of the schedule of the Minsk Group.
\r\nJuly 18-20 - The visit of the mediator mission of Russia to Baku.
\r\nJuly 23-24 - The occupation of the district of Aghdam of Azerbaijan, which is situated outside of Nagorny Karabakh, by the armed forces of Armenia, as a result 158000 Azerbaijanis were driven out from their permanent residences.
\r\nJuly 29 - The adoption of the resolution 853 by the UN Security Council, demanding the immediate, complete and unconditional withdrawal of occupation forces involved in the conflict from the district of Aghdam and all other recently occupied districts of the Azerbaijan Republic.
\r\nJuly 21-August 12 - Consultations of OSCE Minsk Group. It was adopted «the schedule of urgent measures for implementing of the resolution 822 and 853 of the UN Security Council».
\r\nAugust 11 - Beginning of attacks of the Armenian armed forces to the district centers of Fizuli and Jabrail of Azerbaijan.
\r\nAugust 18 - The statement of the UN Security Council\'s Chairman on immediate, complete and unconditional withdrawal of the occupation forces from the districts of Fizuli, as well as Kalbadjar and Aghdam and other recently occupied districts of the Azerbaijan Republic.
\r\nAugust 23 - The occupation of the district of Fizuli of Azerbaijan, situated outside of Nagorny Karabakh by the Armenian armed forces, as a result 152860 Azerbaijanis were driven out from their permanent residences.
\r\nAugust 25-26 - The Armenian armed forces occupied the district of Jabrail, situated outside of Nagorny Karabakh, as a result 57125 Azerbaijanis were driven out from their permanent residences.
\r\nAugust 31 - The Armenian armed forces occupied the district of Gubadly of Azerbaijan, situated outside of Nagorny Karabakh, as a result 31364 Azerbaijanis were driven out from their permanent residences.
\r\nSeptember 21-28 - Negotiations within the OSCE Minsk Group were held in Paris.
\r\nOctober 14 - The UN SC passed a resolution 874, calling on the parties «to abstain from any hostile acts and any interference or invasion, which could led to escalation of the conflict and undermine peace and security in the region».
\r\nOctober 18-21 - Negotiations within the framework of the Minsk Group.
\r\nOctober 23 - Part of the military forces of the Armenian Republic assaulted the settlement of Horadiz with tanks. Having occupied this important transport unit, the Armenians cut off the district of Zangelan and part of none-occupied territory of Jabrail and Gubadly from the remaining part of the Republic.
\r\nOctober 28 - The military forces of the Armenian Republic occupied the rail road station of Minjivan.
\r\nOctober 28-November 1 - The occupation of the district of Zangelan, Azerbaijan, situated outside of Nagorny Karabakh, as a result, 34924 Azerbaijanis were driven out by the armed forces of Armenia from their permanent residences.
\r\nNovember 11 - The UN SC passed a resolution 884, demanding «immediate cease fire and hostility, unilateral withdrawal of occupation forces from the district of Zangelan and the city of Horadiz and withdrawal of occupation forces from other districts of Azerbaijan, captured recently».
\r\nNovember 20 - Firing of the mediator mission of Russia by the Armenian side. The statement of the former Russian Foreign Minister A.Kozirev on this matter.
\r\nDecember 10 -The Armenian military forces launched an assault in the direction of district center of Beylagan.
\r\n1994
\r\nJanuary-March - Series of negotiations and consultations to reach an agreement on cease fire through the mediation of Russia and CSCE.
\r\nMarch 3 - Having broken off the next cease fire agreement, the Armenian troops resumed the hostilities.
\r\nMarch 31-April 3 - Visit of the peacemaker group of the Inter-parliamentary Assembly of CIS headed by Speaker of Kyrgizstan Supreme Council, together with Russian President\'s representative, to Baku, Yerevan, and Nagorny Karabakh.
\r\nApril 9-10 - The command of the Armenian Military Forces launched large scale assault in the direction of Terter during 33 days.
\r\nMay 4-5 - The Bishkek meeting of the parliamentary leaders of Azerbaijan and Armenia and the representatives of the both communities from Nagorny Karabakh. The «Bishkek protocol» was adopted.
\r\nMay 9 - The defence ministers of Azerbaijan, Armenia and the representatives of the Armenian separatist regime from Nagorny Karabakh signed a cease fire agreement.
\r\nMay 12 - In the zone of conflict the regime of cease fire started functioning. Active hostilities on the line of the front came to an end.
\r\nMay 19 - The CSCE Permanent Committee. It was passed a statement as a support for the agreement to strengthening of the cease fire regime.
\r\nJune 27 - An agreement was signed by the parties as confirmation of their commitments on cease fire regime up to conclusion of the political agreement. The joint statement for to support this agreement was made by the leader of mediator mission of Russia and the chairman of the Minsk Conference.
\r\nAugust 28 - Unilateral statement of all sides involved in the conflict and confirmation of the commitments on observation of cease fire regime until the political agreement to be concluded.
\r\nSeptember-November - Continuation of the negotiations between the competent representatives of the leaders of sides involved in the conflict in Moscow.
\r\nDecember 5-6 - Meeting of Heads of CSCE member states and governments in Budapest («Budapest Decision»). In accordance with the decision of the summit, it was established an institute of Co-Chairmen of the Minsk Conference; two stage structuring of the settlement process was completed; decision was taken on the OSCE peacekeeping operations after achievement of the political agreement.
\r\n1995
\r\nMay-December - Series of negotiations within the framework of OSCE Minsk Group on elaboration of agreement for cession of the military conflict.
\r\n1996
\r\nJanuary-November - Series of negotiations within the framework of OSCE Minsk Group on elaboration of agreement for cessation of the military conflict.
\r\nDecember 2-3 - Meeting of the Heads of OSCE States and governments in Lisbon. In the statement of the OSCE Chairman-in-Office three principles of the settlement of the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict were formulated: - territorial integrity of the Republic of Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan; - legal status of Nagorny Karabakh defined in the agreement based on self-determination which confers on Nagorny Karabakh the highest degree of self rule within Azerbaijan; - guaranteed security for Nagorny Karabakh and its whole population, including mutual commitments to ensure compliance by all parties with the provisions of the settlement. These principles were supported by 53 OSCE participating states, except Armenia.
\r\n1997
\r\nFebruary 13 - A. Tuleyev, the Minister on cooperation with CIS states made a statement on the facts of illegal supply of the Russian weapons to Armenia worth of 270 billion of rubles
\r\nFebruary 14 - An institute of «triple» Co-Chairmanship of the OSCE Minsk Conference (Russia, USA and France) was established.
\r\nMarch 4-7 - The Azerbaijani parliamentary delegation headed by Arif Rahimzadeh, the first deputy chairman of the Azerbaijani Milli Majlis (Parliament) stayed in Moscow in order to find out the circumstances on the fact of supply of the Russian weapons to the Republic of Armenia.
\r\nMarch 14 - Appeal of the Azerbaijani Milli Majlis to B.Yeltsin, the President of Russia, E.Stroyev, the Chairman of the Council of Federation of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, G.Seleznyev, the Chairman of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.
\r\nApril 2 - The report of Lev Rokhlin, the Chairman of the Defence Committee of the State Duma, on delivery of the Russian weapons to the Republic of Armenia worth of one billion US dollars.
\r\nApril 4 - Appeal of the Azerbaijani Milli Majlis to B.Yeltsin, E.Stroyev and G.Seleznyev.
\r\nApril 1-5 - The next round of the negotiations within the framework of OSCE Minsk Group was held, after it the Armenian side refused to hold further negotiations on the basis of proposals made by the Co-Chairmen, worked out according to the principles of the OSCE Lisbon Summit.
\r\nApril 4-8 - The Azerbaijani parliamentary delegation headed by Arif Rahimzadeh, the first deputy Chairman of the Azerbaijani Milli Majlis (Parliament) stayed in Moscow in order to find out the circumstances on the facts of supply of the Russian weapons to the Republic of Armenia.
\r\nApril 15 - The OSCE delegation headed by A.Kasprzyk, the Personal Representative of the Chairman-in-Office of OSCE, was fired by the Armenian side.
\r\nApril 24 - The statement of the OSCE Chairman-in-Office in connection with the fire of A.Kasprzyk, the Personal Representative of the Chairman-in-Office in the zone of conflict.
\r\nJune 23 - The Denver Statement of the Presidents of the US, Russia and France, supporting the search of ways for the settlement on the basis of the Lisbon principles.
\r\nSeptember 1 - Illegal so-called «presidential elections» in Nagorny Karabakh, which was condemned by the world Community.
\r\nSeptember 23-24 - Visit of the delegation of Co-Chairmen of the OSCE Minsk Group to Baku. Proposal on the stage-by-stage settlement.
\r\nOctober 10 - Strasbourg Joint Statement of the Presidents of Azerbaijan and Armenia on supporting plan of the stage-by-stage settlement of the conflict.
\r\nDecember 17-19 - The Meeting of the OSCE Ministers of Foreign Affairs in Copenhagen. The Chairman-in-Office requested the Co-Chairmen of Minsk Group «to continue their work and urged all sides to resume the negotiations without delay on the basis of the proposal of the Co-Chairmen».
\r\n1998
\r\nApril - The refusal of Armenia from the early reached agreements on the stage-by-stage settlement of the conflict.
\r\nMay 13-17 - Visit of the Co-Chairmen to the region. Armenia officially declared about the renunciation of the consent of the former President of the Republic of Armenia with the proposal on the stage-by-stage settlement and supported the package settlement without any preliminary conditions.
\r\nJuly 14-15 - Visit of I.Sergeyev, the Russian Defence Minister, to Armenia, in the course of which an agreement on supply of anti-aircraft weapons S-300 was reached.
\r\nNovember 8-10 - The OSCE Minsk Group Co-Chairmen offered a new plan of settlement of the conflict, based on the principle of «common state». The Azerbaijani side refused to accept this proposal as a basis of resumption of negotiations. Azerbaijan confirmed its readiness to resume negotiations within the framework of the OSCE Minsk Group on the basis of the proposals of the Co-Chairmen of September 19, 1997, on the stage-by-stage settlement of the conflict.
\r\nDecember 2-3 - The meeting of the OSCE Ministers of Foreign Affairs in Oslo, where the Chairman-in-Office called upon the sides involved in the conflict to resume the negotiations within the framework of the Minsk Group without delay.
\r\nDecember 16 - Deliver of 5 Russian MiG-29 fighter aircrafts to Armenia.
\r\n1999
\r\nFebruary 26 - Additional deliver of 5 MiG-29 fighter aircrafts and surface-to-air missile systems S-300 to Armenia.
\r\nMarch 11 - It was adopted the resolution on «Support of peace process in Caucasus» on the plenary meeting of the European Parliament for supporting of the peace plan offered by Minsk Group and continuation of the efforts for long-termed settlement of the conflict.
\r\nMarch 19 - Milli Majlis (Parliament) of the Republic of Azerbaijan appealed to the European Parliament, criticizing some provisions of the resolution on «Support of peace process in Caucasus».
\r\nApril, 2 - Meeting between the presidents of Azerbaijan and Armenia H. Aliyev and R. Kocharian was held in Moscow. The arrangement about intensification of contacts and opinion exchange for seeking of ways for conflict settlement was reached between the presidents.
\r\nApril, 24 - Meeting between the presidents of Azerbaijan and Armenia H. Aliyev and R. Kocharian was held in Washington through mediation M. Albright. There was put proposals for development of regional cooperation and measures for strengthening of confidence. As a result, Washington declaration was adopted.
\r\nMay, 25 - Hearings on Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict settlement at the meeting of EC PA Commission on political issues. Speaker of Azerbaijan parliament M. Aleskerov and leader of Azerbaijani population of Nagorniy Karabakh N. Bakhmanov addressed the meeting, stating position of Azerbaijan.
\r\nJune, 14 - Units of armed forces of Armenia violated cease-fire regime and attacked positions of Azerbaijani troops along the Contact line in Negorno-Karabakh region. In connection with this incident UN Secretary-General, OSCE Chairman-in-Office, US State Department and Foreign Ministry of Russian Federation issued statements.
\r\nJune, 18 - Additional delivery of 4 fighters MiG-29 by Russia to Armenia. Foreign Ministry of Georgia made a protest in connection with violation of airspace of the country by these fighters.
\r\nJune, 28 - July, 1 - There was adopted two statements at the XXVI conference of foreign ministries of OIC member-states: 1. About aggression of Republic of Armenia against Republic of Azerbaijan 2. About demolition and destruction of Islamic historic and cultural monuments in the occupied territories of the Azerbaijan Republic as a result of aggression of the Republic of Armenia against the Republic of Azerbaijan
\r\nJuly, 16 - Meeting of the presidents of Azerbaijan and Armenia in Geneva. Opinion exchange on conflict settlement.
\r\nAugust, 22 - Meeting between the presidents of Azerbaijan and Armenia in Geneva. Consultations for seeking of ways for the conflict settlement were contiued. As a result of negotiations, instructions on providing the measures for strengthening of cease-fire regime and resumption of negotiations within the frames of OSCE Minsk Group was given to foreign and defense ministries of two countries.
\r\nSeptember, 1-2 - Visit of OSCE Minsk Group co-chairmen representing USA and Russian Federation K. Kavanaugh and N. Gribkov to Baku with the aim to study the situation in the region.
\r\nSeptember, 10 - During the international conference «Baltic-Black Sea Cooperation: Towards an Integrated 21st Century Europe Without Dividing Lines» in Yalta, meeting between the presidents of Azerbaijan and Armenia was held, and opinion exchange on issues of strengthening of existing cease-fire regime and seeking of the ways of peace settlement conflict was continued. The parties agreed to resume negotiation process within the framework of OSCE Minsk Group.
\r\nSeptember, 14 - The meeting of the Ministers of Defence of Armenia and Azerbaijan took place on the border of two countries. The questions on the consolidation of the regime of fire cessation and formation of the measures of confidence, decision of the procedures on the prevention and solution of the incidents along the line of contact were discussed.
\r\nSeptember, 17 - The visit of the Chairman in Office of OSCE K.Vollebek to Baku. OSCE greets the direct negotiations between the Presidents and calls the parts to come to the positive decisions to the beginning of the Summit of OSCE in Istanbul.
\r\nSeptember, 30 - On the USA State Secretary M.Olbright s initiative the meeting of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan and Armenia took place in New-York. The consultations on the search of the ways for the renewal of the negotiations in the limits of Minsk group OSCE.
\r\nOctober, 9 - 50000 meeting of the oppositional forces of Azerbaijan under the slogan. \"Freedom for Karabakh\" took place in Baku.
\r\nOctober, 11 - The meeting of the Presidents of Azerbaijan and Armenia in Sadarak of the Autonomic Republic of Nakhchivan. The exchange of opinions on the complex of the questions of the settling of the conflict. At the same day the meeting of the Ministers of Armenia and Azerbaijan took place.
\r\nOctober, 12 - In the course of the session of the Council on the co-operation of EU and Transcaucasian Republics the meeting of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan and Armenia took place in Luxemburg. The consultations on the decisions of the methods of the removal of the conflict and of the condition of the settlement were held.
\r\nOctober, 20-21 - The visit of the Special Adviser of the USA State Secretary on the questions of NIS S.Sistanovich to the region. The aim of the visit is the discussion of the questions of economical development of the region and of the perspectives of the settlement of the conflict.
\r\nOctober, 22 - Additional supplying of 4 MiG-29 to Armenia.The total quantity of the warplanes MiG-29 and MiG-25 supplied by Russia was 18. Also 2 tons of the spare parts for RLS equipments and of the equipments of the communication.
\r\nOctober, 26-27 - The visit of the First Deputy of the USA State Secretary S. Telbott to the region.The aim of the visit is the acquaintance with the situation in the region and with the discussion of the perspective of the conclusion of an agreement in Istanbul Summit of OSCE with the aim of the renewal of the negotiations on the peace settlement of the conflict.
\r\nNovember, 18-19 - The meeting of the Heads of the States and of the Heads of the Governments of the States members of OSCE in Istanbul.It was underlined once more in the total document of the Istanbul Summit of OSCE and in the report of the Chairman in Office that Minsk group was the most suitable organization for the settlement of Karabakh problem and greeted the continuation of the dialogue of two Presidents,called to add the Minsk process. In the course of the Summit activity the meeting of the Presidents of Azerbaijan and Armenia in the presence of of OSCE and the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the countries-co-chairman of MG of OSCE took place.
\r\nNovember, 24 - The meeting of the Ministers of Defence of Azerbaijan and Armenia took place in Moscow.In the course of the meeting the measures on the consolidation of the existing regime of fire cessation and of the weakening of the tension in the line of contact were discussed.
\r\nDecember, 13-15 - The first visit of the new body of Co-presidency of OSCE to the region took place.It was declared by the Co-presidency of MG about the beginning of the work at new suggestions and that they would pay important attention to the reconstraction and to the economic development of the region in the their activity.
\r\nDecember, 14-15 - The meeting of the Speakers of the Parliaments of the states of South Caucasus took place in Paris. The perspectives of the economic co-operation and of the settlement of the conflicts in the region were discussed.
\r\n2000
\r\nJanuary, 24-28 - In the course of the Summit of the Heads of the countries and of the Heads of the Governments of the countries of CIS in Moscow and in the World Economic Forum in Davos the meetings of the Presidents of Azerbaijan and Armenia took place. The consultations on the search of the peace settlement of the conflict were continued at the meetings.
\r\nFebruary, 18 - The consultations of the Co-chairmen of MG of OSCE with the leadership of, and with the representatives of the International Financial Institutions at which the agreementfor their participation in the program on after the conflict rehabilitation of the region and on the return of the refugees after the signing of the peace treaty took place in Geneva.
\r\nJune, 20 - In Moscow in the course of the Summit of the Heads of the countries of CIS the meetings of the Presidents of Azerbaijan,Armenia,Georgia and of the RF took place. The consultations on the search of the peace settlement of the conflict in the South Caucasus were continued at the meetings.
\r\nJuly, 3-5 - The visit of the Co-presidency of MG ofOSCE to the region took place. In the course of the visit it was declared that to its activity on the settlement of the conflict by the Co-presidency of MG of OSCE would be paid important attention to the economic attention.
\r\nNovember, 30 - In Minsk in the course of the Summit of the Heads of the countries of CIS the meeting of the President of Azerbaijan H. Aliyev and of the President of Armenia R. Kocharyan took place. The understanding about the intensification of the meetings was attained at the meeting. As the President of Armenia R. Kocharyan noticed,the Presidential elections must be held in 2003 in both states. In connection with it, it is necessary to attain the certain result at the negotiations till the beginning of the pre-election campaign.
\r\n2001
\r\nJanuary 26 - At the President Jacques Chiraq\'s initiative the meeting of the Presidents of Azerbaijan H. Aliyev and Armenia R. Kocharyan took place in Paris. Both Presidents characterized their bilateral negotiations in Paris as \"rather positive\",having informed,that they outlined the plan of the following meetings in the very near future. They also thanked the President of the Republic of France for the constructive mediation at the negotiations. Paris meeting became the important stimulus in the making more active of the bilateral dialogue -thus was the common opinion of the Heads of Azerbaijan and Armenia.
\r\nMarch, 4 - The meeting between President of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev and President of Armenia Robert Kocharyan took place in Paris in palace \"Marini\". The presidents of the two countries had a wide-range discussion on the settlement of the Armenian-Azerbaijani, Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. They stated that it was necessary to continue the dialog\r\n\r\nue in order to find compromise options. President of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev, who discussed with President of Armenia Robert Kocharyan the problems of direct negotiations, underlined the importance of increasing the efforts of the Co-chairs of the OSCE Minsk Group - the USA, Russia and France. The presidents of both countries drew attention to the importance of increasing the efforts and activity of the OSCE aimed at the peaceful settlement of the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict. They unanimously confirmed their adherence to negotiations within the OSCE Minsk Group as well as to direct negotiations between presidents of Armenia and Azerbaijan.
\r\nApril, 3-7 - At the invitation of the OSCE Minsk Group Co-chairmen President of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev and President of Armenia Robert Kocharyan met in Key West (USA, Florida) in order to participate in the peaceful negotiations on the settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.
\r\nThe concrete work here was based on the talks between the two presidents in Paris on January 25 held at the initiative of the President of France Jacques Chiraq. During 4 days of work there were serious and intensive discussions within new framework. The full cooperation between American, Russian and French Co-chairmen, as active mediators, contributed to this framework. The Co-chairmen began to prepare a new comprehensive proposal, which addresses all problems and needs identified by both presidents for the achievement of peace. During the negotiations the Co-chairmen continued their work on the elaboration of the peaceful proposal directly with Presidents of the two countries. The US Secretary of State Colin Powell took part in the first day of negotiations.
\r\nMay, 31 - At the CIS Summit in Minsk the trilateral meeting among President of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev, President of Armenia Robert Kocharyan and President of Russia Vladimir Putin was held. During the meeting the three presidents discussed the problem of the peaceful settlement of Armenian-Azerbaijani, Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.
\r\nAugust, 1 - At the informal Summit of the CIS countries in Sochi President of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev and President of Armenia Robert Kocharyan held a bilateral meeting. During the meeting they had a wide discussion on the problem of the peaceful settlement of Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict.
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Dr. of Law, Professor Namig Aliyev – Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Azerbaijan in Georgia
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Shovgi Mehtizade – Counsellor and Press-secretary
\r\nMajor-General Elbrus Orudjev – Military Attaché
\r\nAdil Efendiyev– 1st Secretary
\r\nParviz Enverli - 1st Secretary on customs issues
\r\nFarhad Mammedov– Consul
\r\nVasif Badalov – Attaché
\r\nSamir Ahmedli – Attaché
\r\nFakhri Hagiyev – Attaché on Cultural and Humanitarian issues
\r\nRiyad Mukhtarov – Chief of administration
\r\nNihad Rahimov – Accountant
','',1,0,0,0,'2010-03-15 20:18:37',62,'','2010-03-15 20:20:14',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-15 20:18:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=0\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=0\nshow_create_date=0\nshow_modify_date=0\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',2,0,4,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(50,'Azerbaijan-Georgia Relationship','azerbaijan-georgian','','
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\r\n
Establishment of diplomatic relations - November 18, 1992
\r\n\r\n
Visits of President
\r\nMarch 8-10, 1996
Official visit of Mr. H.Aliyev
January, 1998
Participation of Mr H.Aliyev at the 70-th anniversary of President Mr. E.Shevardnadze
March 22-23, 2000
Official visit of President Mr. H.Aliyev
June 14-15, 2004
Official visit of President Mr. I.Aliyev
Visits of President of Azerbaijan Parliament
\r\nMay 5-6, 1998
Visit of Mr. M.Aleskerov, President of Milli Majlis on the occasion of celebration of 80th nniversary of Azerbaijan Republic
September 14-15, 1999
Participation of Mr. M.Aleskerov, President of Milli Majlis at the seminar organized by Parlament Assambly of Council of Europe at Tbilisi
October 13-14, 2000
Participation of Mr. M.Aleskerov, President of Milli Majlis in Tbilisi at the seminar “South Caucasus in the big Europe” organized by R.Schuman Fondation and Council of Europe
October 22-24, 2001
Participation of Mr. M.Aleskerov, President of Milli Medjlis in Tbilisi at the meeting of Azerbaijan, Georgian and Armenian Parlament’s Presidents organized by President of Senat of France Mr. K.Poncelet
Visit of Prime-Minister
\r\nDecember 26-27, 1997
Visit of Prime-Minister Mr. A.Rasi-zade
Visits of Minister of Foreign Affairs
\r\nDecember 25-26, 1996
Official visit of Mr. H.Hasanov, Minister of Foreign Affairs
August 29-30, 1999
Official visit of Mr.T.Zulfuqarov, Minister of Foreign Affairs
October 5-6, 2000
Visit of Mr. V.Quliyev in the frame of International conference “Georgia and its partners: the directions of a new millennium”
September 28-29, 2004
official visit of Mr.E.Mammadyarov, Minister of Foreign Affairs
\r\n
Visits of President
\r\nFebruary 3-4, 1993
Offcial visit of Mr E.Shevardnadze President of Georgian Parliament, Head of State
February 18-20, 1997
Official visit of President Mr E.Shevardnadze
September 7-8, 1998
Participation of President Mr. E.Shevardadze at an Intenational Conference on restoration of historic silk road
September 29, 2001
Official visit of President E.Shevardnadze
September 17-18, 2002
Visit of President Mr. E.Shevardnadze on the occasion of groundbreaking of the BTC pipeline
October 31, 2003
Visit of President Mr E.Shevardnadze on the occasion of President I.Aliyev’s inauguration
March 04-05, 2004
visit of Mr. M.Saakashvili, President of Georgia
Visits of President of Parlament
\r\nApril 11-13, 1996
Visit of Mr. Z.Jvaniya, President of Georgian Parlament
July 12-13, 1996
Visit of Mr. Z.Jvaniya, President of Georgian Parlament
November 8, 1996
Visit of Mr. Z.Jvaniya, President of Georgian Parlament
May 18-19, 1998
Visit of Mr. Z.Jvaniya, President of Georgian Parlament
Visits of Prime-Minister
\r\nNovember 9-10, 1998
Visit of Prime-Minister V.Lordkipanidze
December 27, 2003
Visit of Prime Minister Z.Jvaniya
September 20, 2004
Visit of Prime Minister Z.Jvaniya on occasion of 10 anniversary of Contract of the Century
Security Council Secretary
\r\nOctober 29, 2004
Visit of Q.Bejuasvili, Security Council Secretary
Visits of Minister of Foreign Affairs
\r\nFebruary, 1994
Visit of Mr. A.Tchiklaidze, Minister of Foreign Affairs
January 6, 1996
Official visit of Mr. I.Minagarishvili, Minister of Foreign Affairs
July 22-23, 1996
Visit of Mr. I.Minagarishvili, Minister of Foreign Affairs
February 8-10, 1997
Visit of Mr. I.Minagarishvili, Minister of Foreign Affairs
April 8-9, 1997
Official visit of Mr. I.Minagarishvili, Minister of Foreign Affairs
May 20-21, 1997
Official visit of Mr. I.Minagarishvili, Minister of Foreign Affairs
July 6-8, 1998
Official visit of Mr. I.Minagarishvili, Minister of Foreign Affairs
February 14-22, 2000
Foreign Minister I.Minagarishvili’s in the frames of negotiations on the BTC pipeline
February 12-14, 2001
Official visit of Mr. I.Minagarishvili, Minister of Foreign Affairs
August 13-16, 2001
Visit of Mr. I.Minagarishvili, Minister of Foreign Affairs
September 21, 2001
Visit of Mr I.Minagarishvili, Minister of Foreign Affairs
May 01-02, 2004
isit of Mr S.Zurabishvili, Minister of Foreign Affairs
\r\n
Volume of trade turnover between Azerbaijan and Georgia was $139,305,8 in january-september 2004. Trade links (data given in figures) between two countries were as follow:
Import: $10,142,1
Export: $129,163,7
Balance: $119021,7
','',1,0,0,0,'2010-03-15 20:44:53',62,'','2010-03-15 22:18:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-15 20:44:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=0\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=0\nshow_create_date=0\nshow_modify_date=0\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,3,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(51,'Consulate Issues','consulate-issues','','
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The period of its validity is established for the single entry-exit visa from three days to three months, and for multiple entry-exit visas up to one year. If the visa is not used within this period it becomes invalid.
\r\nA return visa might be given to foreigners who have a personal passport if they apply for it when leaving the Republic of Azerbaijan to return for a period of up to one month. This visa becomes invalid if not used within six months from the date of exit from the Republic of Azerbaijan.
\r\nA single or multiple transit visa is granted to foreigners going to other countries but passing through the territory of Republic of Azerbaijan. If the transit visa has no notes or seals about non-stop passage, the bearer has the right to stay in the Republic of Azerbaijan for not longer than five days.
\r\nAn exit visa is issued to foreigners after they have complied with the appropriate rules on residency in the Republic of Azerbaijan. An exit visa is given without the payment of any state duty.
\r\nForeigners wishing to prolong their visas in order to stay longer in the Republic of Azerbaijan, must do so in advance, before the expiration of the period indicated in their current visa.
\r\n\r\n
The following documents must be submitted to obtain a visa from the Consular Department of the Embassy of the Republic of Azerbaijan:
\r\n- one copy of the completed visa application form (application forms may be photocopied);
- original passport or re-entry permit (no copies accepted);
- one passport-size photograph attached to the application form;
- receipt for the payment of duty;
- a letter of invitation from the receiving Party
Foreign citizens arriving by aircraft without an entry visa to the Republic of Azerbaijan can obtain a single-entry visa for a short period of time at \"Heydar Aliyev\" International airport in Baku.
\r\nThe following documents are required in addition to payment of the duty:
a) one copy of the completed visa application form (application forms may be photocopied) one
b) one passport-size photograph or a photocopy of the passport data.
','',1,0,0,0,'2010-03-15 20:57:47',62,'','2010-03-15 21:01:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-15 20:57:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=0\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=0\nshow_create_date=0\nshow_modify_date=0\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',2,0,2,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(52,'Useful links','useful-links','','
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President of the Republic of Azerbaijan
\r\nMilli Majlis of the Republic of Azerbaijan
\r\nMinistry of Economic Development
\r\nMinistry of Youth, Sport and Tourism
\r\nMinistry of Labor and Social Protection of Population
\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMinistry of Communication and Information Technologies
\r\n\r\nState Committee on the Work with Azerbaijanians Living in the Foreign Countries
\r\nState Commission on Prisoners of War, Hostages and Missing Persons
\r\nState Committee on the Work with Religious Associations
\r\nState Students Admission Commission
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Embassy in Austria (also accredited to OSCE, UNOV, UNIDO, IAEA, CTBTO)
\r\nEmbassy in Belgium (also accredited in Netherlands and Luxemburg)
\r\n\r\nEmbassy in China (also accredited in Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea and Vietnam)
\r\nEmbassy in Egypt (also accredited in Lebanon and Syria)
\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nEmbassy in Iran (also accredited to ECO)
\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nEmbassy in Switzerland (also accredited to UNOG)
\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nEmbassy in USA (also accredited in Canada and Mexico)
\r\n\r\n\r\nMission to NATO (also accredited to OPCW)
\r\n\r\n','',1,0,0,0,'2010-03-15 21:02:07',62,'','2010-03-15 21:14:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-15 21:02:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=0\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=0\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=0\nshow_create_date=0\nshow_modify_date=0\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,1,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(53,'В ночь с 25 на 26 февраля 1992 года','1','','
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В ночь с 25 на 26 февраля 1992 года армянские оккупационные войска совместно с 366-м мотострелковым полком советских войск, дислоцированным в Ханкенди (в то время Степанакерт) подвергли окруженный со всех сторон азербайджанский город Ходжалы массированному обстрелу из всех видов артиллерийских систем, а затем оккупировали и этот город в Нагорном Карабахе Азербайджана, который находился на расстоянии 23 км от Ханкенди.
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Мирное население города, которое составляло большинство находившихся в городе, пыталось ночью покинуть город и в темноте пробраться к другим азербайджанским населенным пунктам. В результате атак армянских бандформирований на мирное население 613 невинных людей были зверски убиты, 487 тяжело ранены, 1275 взяты в плен и затем пропали без вести, целых 8 семей были специально полностью уничтожены. Среди убитых было 106 женщин, 83 ребенка, 70 стариков, 25 детей потеряли обоих родителей, 130 - одного родителя.
\r\nОперацией по уничтожению азербайджанского города лично руководил действующий президент Армении Серж Саргсян, командиром 2-го батальона, отличившегося особой жестокостью, был нынешний министр обороны Армении Сейран Оганян, общее руководство военными действиями в Карабахе осуществлял бывший президент Армении Роберт Кочарян. Также особым зверством при захвате мирного города отличился полевой командир Монте Мелконян, бывший руководитель международной армянской террористической организации АСАЛА.
\r\nПредисторию оккупации Карабаха и геноцида в Ходжалы следует искать в событиях 200 вековой давности, когда армяне начали массово заселяться на землях, где проживали азербайджанцы, грузины, абхазы и другие народы Кавказа. Авторы так называемого «права народа Карабаха на самоопределение» не указывают, почему во время предоккупационной подготовки армяне разрушили монумент, установленный недалеко от Ханкенди в советское время в честь 150-летия переселения армян в Карабах царской Россией. Авторы сценария не пожалели собственный народ ради достижения своих целей. Основной целью и философией такого рода расселения в регионе является создание моноэтнических регионов на Кавказе, примером чего уже является Армения, Нагорная часть Карабаха, Абхазский регион Грузии и другие известные регионы, где они компактно проживают.
\r\nВ отличие от Армении все страны региона являются полиэтническими, самой важной особенностью наших стран является этническая и религиозная толерантность. В Баку до сих пор живут более 35 тыс. армян, в то время как Армения выдавила из страны все другие народы.
\r\nАзербайджан всегда был сторонником мирного решения конфликта, до конца будет требовать справедливой оценки геноциду в Ходжалы, где людей убивали только потому, что они – азербайджанцы. Эта трагедия показала истинное лицо тех, кто по всему миру пытается добиться признания так называемого «геноцида 1915-го года».
\r\nСегодня Азербайджан в лице жертв Ходжалы чтит память всех своих граждан разных национальностей, которые были убиты только за то, что хотели жить в многонациональной процветающей стране.
\r\nСветлая память погибших побудила молодежь Азербайджана начать кампанию под девизом «Справедливость для Ходжалы - Свобода для Карабаха». Компания начата в феврале 2009-го года и проводится во всех странах мира по инициативе и поддержке национального координатора Азербайджана по межкультурному диалогу среди молодежи госпожи Лейлы Алиевой. В рамках кампании принята декларация и осуществляется сбор подписей в поддержку справедливой политической и правовой оценки Ходжалинского геноцида. Наибольшую поддержку компании оказывают братские и дружеские для Азербайджана страны. С февраля 2010-го года компания будет проводиться и в Грузии, которая сегодня, страдая от сепаратизма и этнических чисток, фактически делит с Азербайджаном одинаковую судьбу. В компании по сбору подписей участвуют представители интеллигенции и представители других слоев Грузинского общества различных национальностей и конфессий. Координатором компании в Грузии является культурный центр азербайджанцев “Varlıq” (Достояние).
\r\nВ этой связи при поддержке Посольства Азербайджанской Республики в Грузии и офиса Губернатора Квемо Картли будут проведены презентации компании в Дманиси и Марнеули 23 февраля 2010-го года. Главные мероприятия пройдут 24 февраля 2010-го года в г.Тбилиси, которые начнутся с возложения цветов к бюсту общенационального лидера Азербайджанского народа и искренного друга Грузии Гейдара Алиева в парке, носящем его имя. Затем будет проведена презентация компании по сбору подписей и официального веб сайта www.justiceforkhojaly.ge в культурном центре азербайджанцев “Varlıq”, после чего азербайджанские бизнесмены проведут встречу в поддержку компании. Завершающим мероприятием станет симфонический концерт в память жертвам геноцида в Ходжалы в исполнении азербайджанского оркестра, состоящего из произведений азербайджанских и грузинских композиторов. Перед концертом со вступительным словом выступит Посол Азербайджанской Республики в Грузии Намик Алиев.
\r\n\r\n
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Congratulations on choosing Joomla! as your content management system. To help you get started, check out these excellent resources for securing your server and pointers to documentation and other helpful resources.
Security
On the Internet, security is always a concern. For that reason, you are encouraged to subscribe to the Joomla! Security Announcements for the latest information on new Joomla! releases, emailed to you automatically.
If this is one of your first Web sites, security considerations may seem complicated and intimidating. There are three simple steps that go a long way towards securing a Web site: (1) regular backups; (2) prompt updates to the latest Joomla! release; and (3) a good Web host. There are many other important security considerations that you can learn about by reading the Joomla! Security Checklist.
If you believe your Web site was attacked, or you think you have discovered a security issue in Joomla!, please do not post it in the Joomla! forums. Publishing this information could put other Web sites at risk. Instead, report possible security vulnerabilities to the Joomla! Security Task Force.
Learning Joomla!
A good place to start learning Joomla! is the \"Absolute Beginner\'s Guide to Joomla!.\" There, you will find a Quick Start to Joomla! guide and video, amongst many other tutorials. The Joomla! Community Magazine also has articles for new learners and experienced users, alike. A great place to look for answers is the Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ). If you are stuck on a particular screen in the Administrator (which is where you are now), try clicking the Help toolbar button to get assistance specific to that page.
If you still have questions, please feel free to use the Joomla! Forums. The forums are an incredibly valuable resource for all levels of Joomla! users. Before you post a question, though, use the forum search (located at the top of each forum page) to see if the question has been asked and answered.
Getting Involved
If you want to help make Joomla! better, consider getting involved. There are many ways you can make a positive difference. Have fun using Joomla!.